Ari Kokko

TL;DR: This paper showed that the realization of the potentiality for productivity catch-up simply because of backwardness depends strongly on another set of causes, some of which are internal and others external to the countries themselves.

TL;DR: The predominant view in the literature on foreign direct investment is that various types of spillover may provide important benefits for the countries that host foreign multinational corporations as discussed by the authors, and that the competitive pressure exerted by foreign affiliates has forced local firms to operate more efficiently and introduce new technologies earlier than would otherwise have been the case.

TL;DR: In this paper, the role of multinational corporations in international technology transfer has been discussed, and it has been suggested that a large share of the host countries' benefits from foreign direct investment may come in the form of external effects or "spillovers".

TL;DR: In this paper, the investment effects of regional integration agreements and how such arrangements may affect inward and outward foreign direct investment flows in the integrating region are discussed, and the main conclusion is that the responses to an integration agreement largely depend on the environmental change brought about by the agreement and the locational advantages of the participating countries and industries.

TL;DR: The existence of spillover efficiency benefits to host country economies from inward foreign direct investment (FDI) is well documented in the literature, but they are not as clearly and consistently documented as the existence and magnitude of the relevant externalities as mentioned in this paper.