Soil Chemical Analysis

Beginning with Emlen (1966) and MacArthur and Pianka (1966) and extending through the last ten years, several authors have sought to predict the foraging behavior of animals by means of mathematical models. These models are very similar,in that they all assume that the fitness of a foraging animal is a function of the efficiency of foraging measured in terms of some "currency" (Schoener, 1971) -usually energy- and that natural selection has resulted in animals that forage so as to maximize this fitness. As a result of these similarities, the models have become known as "optimal foraging models"; and the theory that embodies them, "optimal foraging theory." The situations to which optimal foraging theory has been applied, with the exception of a few recent studies, can be divided into the following four categories: (1) choice by an animal of which food types to eat (i.e., optimal diet); (2) choice of which patch type to feed in (i.e., optimal patch choice); (3) optimal allocation of time to different patches; and (4) optimal patterns and speed of movements. In this review we discuss each of these categories separately, dealing with both the theoretical developments and the data that permit tests of the predictions. The review is selective in the sense that we emphasize studies that either develop testable predictions or that attempt to test predictions in a precise quantitative manner. We also discuss what we see to be some of the future developments in the area of optimal foraging theory and how this theory can be related to other areas of biology. Our general conclusion is that the simple models so far formulated are supported are supported reasonably well by available data and that we are optimistic about the value both now and in the future of optimal foraging theory. We argue, however, that these simple models will requre much modification, espicially to deal with situations that either cannot easily be put into one or another of the above four categories or entail currencies more complicated that just energy.

Citation classic - optimal foraging - a selective review of theory and tests

With the availability of multisensor, multitemporal, multiresolution and multifrequency image data from operational Earth observation satellites the fusion of digital image data has become a valuable tool in remote sensing image evaluation. Digital image fusion is a relatively new research field at the leading edge of available technology. It forms a rapidly developing area of research in remote sensing. This review paper describes and explains mainly pixel based image fusion of Earth observation satellite data as a contribution to multisensor integration oriented data processing.

Multisensor image fusion in remote sensing: Concepts, methods and applications

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Global Biodiversity Assessment

Les fibres microstructurees air-silice (FMAS), apparues dans le milieu des annees 90 a l’Universite de Southampton [1] (Royaume-Uni), ont demontre un potentiel d’applications extremement vaste dans des domaines tres varies allant des telecommunications a la biophotonique, en passant par les capteurs ou les sources laser UV. Le laboratoire XLIM (ex-IRCOM, Institut de Recherche en Communications Optiques et Microondes) s’est engage, depuis 1998, dans la conception, la fabrication et la caracterisation de tels guides de lumiere. Nous presentons dans cet article les defis technologiques a relever dans la fabrication des FMAS ainsi qu’une des applications marquantes de ces fibres qu’est la generation de supercontinuum, dans les domaines infrarouge, visible et ultraviolet.

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Génération de supercontinuum dans les fibres optiques microstructurées air-silice : potentialités pour l'émission UV cohérente

Spatial distribution of environmental resource and its management issues are determined by complex processes and relationships. It involves several interrelating elements with many attributes and a dynamic behavior that required advanced spatial analytical capabilities in the GIS software. The technological solutions required to analyze the system include spatially distributed simulation and optimization models, interactive information system, decision support tools, and expert systems based on geospatial technologies. The primary paradigm of a GIS is the map, an inherently static concept of limited attributes. While modern GIS extends the scope of what can be done within this paradigm toward digital cartography considerably, elaborate applications can be built within existing GIS systems and powerful and flexible tool that involves spatial elements can be developed for different environmental applications. The Eastern Himalayan region is known as one of the global biodiversity hotspots. It includes several Global 200 eco-regions, two Endemic Bird Areas, and several centers for plant diversity. The high biological diversity of the Himalaya is mainly due to the multiple biogeographic origins. The climate variability as a result of being associated with the huge, complex, and steep terrain also gives the Himalayan region a plethora of habitats for the occurrence of the biodiversity hotspot in the region. Apart from being a storehouse of natural resources, the Himalaya is also prone to innumerable natural and anthropogenically induced disasters. This is evident by the recurrent calamities like Kedarnath tragedy, which results in huge loss of life and property.

Himalayan Spatial Biodiversity Information System

A series of five cases of non-cardiac chest pain is being reported. In all cases, a detailed cardiac work up excluded coronary artery disease (CAD). Upper gastro-intestinal endoscopy was found to be useful. Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD) was diagnosed in three cases. The diagnosis of esophageal disease was clinical in the other two. All patients responded well to further treatment and have been followed up for six months to two years.

Evaluation of non-cardiac chest pain.

Managing the rivers and combating the river pollution have been done using technological solutions so far with minimalistic results in developing country like India. It is now important to orient ourselves in some nature-based solutions, viz. utilising the ability of plants near river (riparian vegetation) to scrub pollutants. This chapter clarifies the variability in definitions of the term riparian and suffixes used henceforth. On analysing the definitions in the literature so far, the definition given by Ilhardt et al. (Orono, Maine 26:7–14, 2000) and usage of suffix ecotone with riparian explain the functionality of this system more accurately. Further, the role of riparian ecotone is explained with emphasis being laid over the importance of vegetation, viz. forests and grasses, forming this ecotone in scrubbing the pollutants mainly sediments, nitrogen and phosphorus. The authors recommend carrying extensive riparian ecotone-based studies for the rivers of India so that riparian ecotone can be used as means to manage the degrading rivers.

Riparian Ecotones: An Important Derivative for Managing River Pollution

Changes in the plant community composition due to biological invasion result in extensive changes to the ecosystem structure and functioning. Encroachment of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii) in Banj oak (Quercus leucotrichophora) habitats in the western Himalaya is a well-established phenomenon and in due course eliminates the latter completely. Monitoring the impact of Chir pine incursion into Banj oak habitats is important for conservation and management of the oak ecosystems in western Himalaya. A remote-sensing-based classification method has been developed to precisely map and measure the potentially invaded forest areas in part of the western Himalaya. Timely identification of location and extent of invaded pine areas provides the opportunity to control the invasion. Temporal Landsat 8 OLI satellite data were used for temporal vegetation index database. Fuzzy-based, possibilistic C-means classifier is a soft classification technique used to identify the oak habitats and its coexistence with Chir pine. The outputs were validated using field data. A total of 33.16  ±  10.01  km2 was estimated as the mixed class showing coexistence of Banj oak and Chir pine. The overall accuracy was found to be 0.86  ±  0.06 from the error matrix based on the estimated area proportion. In addition to providing a method for mapping coexistence of Banj oak and Chir pine, this study also provides information on the potential extent of the incursion of Chir pine in Banj oak forests in the western Himalaya. The critical information on potential area under invasion provides forest managers to take essential steps to minimize the incursion.

Arijit Roy

Papers

Génération de supercontinuum dans les fibres optiques microstructurées air-silice : potentialités pour l'émission UV cohérente

Himalayan Spatial Biodiversity Information System

Evaluation of non-cardiac chest pain.

Riparian Ecotones: An Important Derivative for Managing River Pollution

Quantification of potential area of incursion of pine in oak forest in western Himalaya using fuzzy classification technique