応用水文 = Applied hydrology

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Fundamentals Of Engineering Thermodynamics

Flooding produces debris and waste including liquids, dead animal bodies and hazardous materials such as hospital waste. Debris causes serious threats to people’s health and can even block the road...

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/19942060.2018.1448896

Survey of computational intelligence as basis to big flood management: challenges, research directions and future work

Mapping flood-prone areas is a key activity in flood disaster management. In this paper, we propose a new flood susceptibility mapping technique. We employ new ensemble models based on bagging as a meta-classifier and K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) coarse, cosine, cubic, and weighted base classifiers to spatially forecast flooding in the Haraz watershed in northern Iran. We identified flood-prone areas using data from Sentinel-1 sensor. We then selected 10 conditioning factors to spatially predict floods and assess their predictive power using the Relief Attribute Evaluation (RFAE) method. Model validation was performed using two statistical error indices and the area under the curve (AUC). Our results show that the Bagging–Cubic–KNN ensemble model outperformed other ensemble models. It decreased the overfitting and variance problems in the training dataset and enhanced the prediction accuracy of the Cubic–KNN model (AUC=0.660). We therefore recommend that the Bagging–Cubic–KNN model be more widely applied for the sustainable management of flood-prone areas.

Flood Detection and Susceptibility Mapping Using Sentinel-1 Remote Sensing Data and a Machine Learning Approach: Hybrid Intelligence of Bagging Ensemble Based on K-Nearest Neighbor Classifier

Multiobjective genetic programming is used to calculate optimal reservoir-operating rules under baseline and climatic-change conditions. The rules are calculated based on river inflows to the Aidoghmoush Reservoir (located in East Azerbaijan, Iran), storage volume, and downstream irrigation demands. The objective functions are the maximization of the reliability of meeting irrigation demand and the minimization of the vulnerability to irrigation deficits in a baseline period (1987–2000) and a future period (2026–2039), the latter influenced by climatic change. The optimization results show that reservoir-operating rules that take into account changing climate would lead to improvements in reservoir performance on the order of 29–32% relative to operating rules based on baseline climatic conditions.

Evaluation of Climatic-Change Impacts on Multiobjective Reservoir Operation with Multiobjective Genetic Programming

In the present work, an experimental investigation is performed to assess the thermal and electrical performance of a photovoltaic solar panel cooling with multi-walled carbon nanotube–water/ethylene glycol (50:50) nano-suspension (MWCNT/WEG50). The prepared nanofluid was stabilized using an ultrasonic homogenizer together with the addition of 0.1vol% of nonylphenol ethoxylates at pH = 8.9. To reduce the heat loss and to improve the heat transfer rate between the coolant and the panel, a cooling jacket was designed and attached to the solar panel. It was also filled with multi-walled carbon nanotube–paraffin phase change material (PCM) and the cooling pipes were passed through the PCM. The MWCNT/WEG50 nanofluid was introduced into the pipes, while the nano-PCM was in the cooling jacket. The electrical and thermal power of the system and equivalent electrical–thermal power of the system was assessed at various local times and at different mass fractions of MWCNTs. Results showed that with an increase in the mass concentration of the coolant, the electricity and power production were promoted, while with an increase in the mass concentration of the nanofluid, the pumping power was augmented resulting in the decrease in the thermal–electrical equivalent power. It was identified that a MWCNT/WEG50 nano-suspension at 0.2wt% can represent the highest thermal and electrical performance of 292.1 W/m2. It was also identified that at 0.2wt%, ~45% of the electricity and 44% of the thermal power can be produced with a photovoltaic (PV) panel between 1:30 pm to 3:30 pm.

/pdf/experimental-investigation-on-thermal-performance-of-a-pv-t-14bh4gzs5t.pdf

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of a PV/T-PCM (Photovoltaic/Thermal) System Cooling with a PCM and Nanofluid

A finite-volume model was built upon earlier work with the aim of simulating free surface flows, pressurized flows and their simultaneous occurrence (mixed flows) in single-liquid and two-phase flow conditions (entrapment and release of air pockets). The model presented herein is based on a two-governing equation model. Three main contributions are presented herein, namely (1) the ability of the proposed model to simulate mixed flows without restriction of the flow type in the free surface region (e.g. supercritical flow), (2) extension of our single-phase flow model for simulating the entrapment and release of air pockets and (3) formulation of an approach for handling numerical instabilities that may occur during numerical pressurization of the flow. The model presented herein is robust and simulates any transient-mixed flow condition for realistic pressure wave celerities.

/pdf/a-robust-two-equation-model-for-transient-mixed-flows-53ax8pzyky.pdf

A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows

This work is part of a long term project which aims at developing a hydraulic model for real-time simulation of unsteady flows in sewers ranging from gravity flows, to partly gravity–partly surcharged flows to fully surcharged flows. The success of this project hinges on the ability of the hydraulic model to handle a wide range of complex boundaries and to provide accurate solutions with the least central processing unit time. This first paper focuses on the development and assessment of two second-order explicit finite-volume Godunov-type schemes (GTS) for unsteady gravity flows in sewers, but with no surcharging. Traditionally, hydraulic transients have been modeled using the method of characteristics (MOC), which is noted for its ability to handle complex boundary conditions (BCs). The two GTS described herein incorporate BCs in a similar manner to the MOC. The accuracy and efficiency of these GTS schemes are investigated using problems whose solution contains features that are relevant to transient fl...

Godunov-type solutions for transient flows in sewers

A robust model for simulating the simultaneous occurrence of free surface and pressurized flows is presented using the Preissmann slot approach for modeling pressurized flows. This model is capable of simulating transient flows in closed conduits ranging from free surface flows, to partly free surface-partly pressurized flows (mixed flows), to fully pressurized flows. Its robustness for simulating mixed flows is accomplished by: (1) Introducing a gradual transition between the pipe and the slot, and (2) Using a second-order Godunov-type scheme with a slope limiter to solve the governing free surface flow equations. The accuracy and robustness of the modified Preissmann model is investigated using five test cases. The results show that the proposed model accurately describes complex flow features, such as negative open channel-pressurized flow interfaces and interface reversals. The results also show that the proposed model is able to produce stable results for strong (rapid) transients at field scale wher...

Application of Godunov-type schemes to transient mixed flows

This paper focuses on the formulation and assessment of a second-order accurate finite volume (FV) shock-capturing scheme for simulating one- and two-phase water hammer flows. The two-phase flow model is based on the single-equivalent fluid concept. The proposed scheme for one- and two-phase flows is the same, except for the Riemann solvers used to evaluate fluxes between computational cells. For one-phase flows, the accuracy and numerical efficiency of the proposed scheme is contrasted against the fixed-grid method of characteristics (MOC) and a recently proposed FV scheme. For two-phase flows, the accuracy and numerical efficiency of the proposed scheme are compared to the fixed-grid MOC scheme. The results for one-phase flows show that, when a Courant number (Cr) very close to 1.0 (around 0.99 or higher) is used, the MOC scheme is more efficient than the proposed scheme and the other FV scheme. In this case, the latter two schemes have similar numerical efficiency. When Cr drops below about 0.95, the proposed scheme is more efficient than the MOC scheme and the other FV scheme, especially for smooth transient flows (no discontinuities). For two-phase water hammer flows, all the simulations were carried out using a maximum Courant number of 0.95 to avoid numerical instability problems. The results for two-phase flows show that the proposed scheme is much more efficient than the fixed-grid MOC scheme. The fixed-grid MOC and the proposed scheme are also used to reproduce a set of two-phase flow experiments reported in the literature. Good agreement between simulated and experimental data is found.

Arturo S. Leon

Papers

Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of a PV/T-PCM (Photovoltaic/Thermal) System Cooling with a PCM and Nanofluid

A robust two-equation model for transient-mixed flows

Godunov-type solutions for transient flows in sewers

Application of Godunov-type schemes to transient mixed flows

Efficient Second-Order Accurate Shock-Capturing Scheme for Modeling One- and Two-Phase Water Hammer Flows