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Detection, Estimation, and Modulation Theory

As the rapid development of automotive telematics, modern vehicles are expected to be connected through heterogeneous radio access technologies and are able to exchange massive information with their surrounding environment. By significantly expanding the network scale and conducting both real time and long term information processing, the traditional Vehicular Ad- Hoc Networks U+0028 VANETs U+0029 are evolving to the Internet of Vehicles U+0028 IoV U+0029, which promises efficient and intelligent prospect for the future transportation system. On the other hand, vehicles are not only consuming but also generating a huge amount and enormous types of data, which are referred to as Big Data. In this article, we first investigate the relationship between IoV and big data in vehicular environment, mainly on how IoV supports the transmission, storage, computing of the big data, and in return how IoV benefits from big data in terms of IoV characterization, performance evaluation and big data assisted communication protocol design. We then investigate the application of IoV big data for autonomous vehicles. Finally the emerging issues of the big data enabled IoV are discussed.

Internet of vehicles in big data era

Internet of Things is smartly changing various existing research areas into new themes, including smart health, smart home, smart industry, and smart transport. Relying on the basis of “smart transport,” Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is evolving as a new theme of research and development from vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). This paper presents a comprehensive framework of IoV with emphasis on layered architecture, protocol stack, network model, challenges, and future aspects. Specifically, following the background on the evolution of VANETs and motivation on IoV an overview of IoV is presented as the heterogeneous vehicular networks. The IoV includes five types of vehicular communications, namely, vehicle-to-vehicle, vehicle-to-roadside, vehicle-to-infrastructure of cellular networks, vehicle-to-personal devices, and vehicle-to-sensors. A five layered architecture of IoV is proposed considering functionalities and representations of each layer. A protocol stack for the layered architecture is structured considering management, operational, and security planes. A network model of IoV is proposed based on the three network elements, including cloud, connection, and client. The benefits of the design and development of IoV are highlighted by performing a qualitative comparison between IoV and VANETs. Finally, the challenges ahead for realizing IoV are discussed and future aspects of IoV are envisioned.

https://ir.nctu.edu.tw:443/bitstream/11536/145531/1/3ecec2a2f6e38b0824ccca63f66259e9.pdf

Internet of Vehicles: Motivation, Layered Architecture, Network Model, Challenges, and Future Aspects

Problem Given the number of times in which an unknown event has happened and failed: Required the chance that the probability of its happening in a single trial lies somewhere between any two degrees of probability that can be named. SECTION 1 Definition 1. Several events are inconsistent, when if one of them happens, none of the rest can. 2. Two events are contrary when one, or other of them must; and both together cannot happen. 3. An event is said to fail, when it cannot happen; or, which comes to the same thing, when its contrary has happened. 4. An event is said to be determined when it has either happened or failed. 5. The probability of any event is the ratio between the value at which an expectation depending on the happening of the event ought to be computed, and the value of the thing expected upon it’s 2 happening.

An essay towards solving a problem in the doctrine of chances. [Facsimil]

Control of connected and automated vehicles: State of the art and future challenges

Position information is a fundamental requirement for many vehicular applications such as navigation, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs), collision avoidance, and location-based services (LBSs). Relative positioning is effective for many applications, including collision avoidance and LBSs. Although Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) can be used for absolute or relative positioning, the level of accuracy does not meet the requirements of many applications. Cooperative positioning (CP) techniques, fusing data from different sources, can be used to improve the performance of absolute or relative positioning in a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). VANET CP systems are mostly based on radio ranging, which is not viable, despite being assumed in much of the literature. Considering this and emerging vehicular communication technologies, a CP method is presented to improve the relative positioning between two vehicles within a VANET, fusing the available low-level Global Positioning System (GPS) data. The proposed method depends on no radio ranging technique. The performance of the proposed method is verified by analytical and experimental results. Although the principles of the proposed method are similar to those of differential solutions such as differential GPS (DGPS), the proposed technique outperforms DGPS with about 37% and 45% enhancement in accuracy and precision of relative positioning, respectively.

Relative Positioning Enhancement in VANETs: A Tight Integration Approach

Position information, as a fundamental element for many of the modern vehicle-based logistic applications, is comprehensively provided by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) such as the Global Positioning System (GPS). A variety of applications, including navigation and intelligent transpiration systems, require position data with certain accuracy. However, the shortcomings of GNSS, such as limited accuracy and availability, have been a motivation for recently emerging Cooperative Positioning (CP) methods based on vehicle-vehicle and vehicle-infrastructure communications. The majority of earlier CP methods assume the availability of distances between the participating nodes as a main parameter, using common techniques of radio ranging such as the Received Signal Strength (RSS), Time of Arrival (TOA), and Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA). However, the feasibility of these radio-ranging methods in the harsh environment of vehicular networks is questionable. Avoiding the radio-ranging challenges, in this paper, a new CP method is presented to improve the GPS estimates using internode range-rates based on the Doppler shift of the carrier of Dedicated Short-Range Communications (DSRC) signals, which is the nominated medium for vehicular communication. Depending on the speed of the participating vehicles and traffic intensity, improvement of up to 48% over the GPS accuracy is achieved. Because the Doppler effect is used, relative mobility of the nodes, which is generally a challenge for radio-ranging techniques, is a requirement for the proposed method, making it a more suitable solution for vehicular applications. Addressing the viability of the proposed technique, Doppler-based range-rating is verified in practice using DSRC transceivers. One section of highway is surveyed and modeled for simulation. In addition, GPS estimates are provided by feeding GPS signals, generated by a GPS signal generator, to a real GPS receiver.

A DSRC Doppler-Based Cooperative Positioning Enhancement for Vehicular Networks With GPS Availability

Cooperative positioning (CP) can potentially improve the accuracy of vehicle location information, which is vital for several road safety applications. Although concepts of CP have been introduced, the efficiency of CP under real-world vehicular communication constraints is largely unknown. Our simulations reveal that the frequent exchange of large amounts of range information required by existing CP schemes not only increases the packet collision rate of the vehicular network but reduces the effectiveness of the CP as well. To address this issue, we propose simple easily deployable protocol improvements in terms of utilizing as much range information as possible, reducing range broadcasts by piggybacking, compressing the range information, tuning the broadcast frequency, and combining multiple packets using network coding. Our results demonstrate that, even under dense traffic conditions, these protocol improvements achieve a twofold reduction in packet loss rates and increase the positioning accuracy of CP by 40%.

/pdf/improving-cooperative-positioning-for-vehicular-networks-1tlljrb2gn.pdf

Improving Cooperative Positioning for Vehicular Networks

A novel approach is proposed to enable vehicles to estimate their instantaneous position with lane-level accuracy, which is not achievable using Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs). This system can be used to enhance position-based applications such as Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITSs), including navigation and lane-level traffic guidance and warning. The system uses the carrier frequency offset (CFO) of the dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) signal, broadcast by two infrastructure beacons. The main advantages of the proposed method over other potential technologies such as radio-frequency identification (RFID) and buried loops are its simpler required infrastructure and functionality using vehicular communication platforms. Analysis of the proposed technique indicates acceptable reliability and performance. Empirical test results confirm the viability of the method.

An Instantaneous Lane-Level Positioning Using DSRC Carrier Frequency Offset

In the Global Positioning System (GPS), code division multiple access (CDMA) signals are used. Because of the spectral characteristics of the CDMA signal, each particular type of interference (signals to be rejected) has a different effect on the quality of the received GPS satellite signals. In this paper, the effects of three types of interference are studied on the carrier-to-noise ratio (C/No) of the received GPS signal as an indicator of the quality of that signal; continuous wave (CW), pulse CW, and swept CW. For CW interference, it is analytically shown that the C/No of the signal can be calculated using a closed formula after the correlator in the receiver. This result is supported by calculating the C/No using the I and Q data from a software GPS receiver. For pulsed CW, a similar analysis is performed to characterize the effect of parameters such as pulse repetition period (PRP) and also duty cycle on the received signal quality. It is specifically shown that for equal interference power levels, in the cases where the PRP is far less than the pseudorandom noise code period, the signal degradation increases with increasing the duty cycle whereas it doesn't change when the two periods are equal or the PRP is far bigger than the code period.

Asghar Tabatabaei Balaei

Papers

Relative Positioning Enhancement in VANETs: A Tight Integration Approach

A DSRC Doppler-Based Cooperative Positioning Enhancement for Vehicular Networks With GPS Availability

Improving Cooperative Positioning for Vehicular Networks

An Instantaneous Lane-Level Positioning Using DSRC Carrier Frequency Offset

Characterization of the Effects of CW and Pulse CW Interference on the GPS Signal Quality