抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

13. 벼잎선충의 약제처리 방법별 방제 효과

and Perspectives Sophie Carenco,†,‡,§,∥,⊥ David Portehault,*,†,‡,§ Ced́ric Boissier̀e,†,‡,§ Nicolas Meźailles, and Cleḿent Sanchez*,†,‡,§ †Chimie de la Matier̀e Condenseé de Paris, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7574, Colleg̀e de France, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France ‡Chimie de la Matier̀e Condenseé de Paris, CNRS, UMR 77574, Colleg̀e de France, 11 Place Marcellin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Chimie de la Matier̀e Condenseé de Paris, Colleg̀e de France, 11 Place Marcellin Berthelot, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France Laboratory Heteroelements and Coordination, Chemistry Department, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS-UMR 7653, Palaiseau, France

Nanoscaled metal borides and phosphides: recent developments and perspectives

Basic concepts and recent advances in nitrophenol reduction by gold- and other transition metal nanoparticles

One of the long-standing challenges in experimental physics is the observation of room-temperature superconductivity1,2. Recently, high-temperature conventional superconductivity in hydrogen-rich materials has been reported in several systems under high pressure3–5. An  important discovery leading to room-temperature superconductivity is the pressure-driven disproportionation of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) to H3S, with a confirmed transition temperature of 203 kelvin at 155 gigapascals3,6. Both H2S and CH4 readily mix with hydrogen to form guest–host structures at lower pressures7, and are of  comparable size at 4 gigapascals. By introducing methane at low pressures into the H2S + H2 precursor mixture for H3S, molecular exchange is allowed within a large assemblage of van der Waals solids that are hydrogen-rich with H2 inclusions; these guest–host structures become the building blocks of superconducting compounds at extreme conditions. Here we report superconductivity in a photochemically transformed carbonaceous sulfur hydride system, starting from elemental precursors, with a maximum superconducting transition temperature of 287.7 ± 1.2 kelvin (about 15 degrees Celsius) achieved at 267 ± 10 gigapascals. The superconducting state is observed over a broad pressure range in the diamond anvil cell, from 140 to 275 gigapascals, with a sharp upturn in transition temperature above 220 gigapascals. Superconductivity is established by the observation of zero resistance, a magnetic susceptibility of up to 190 gigapascals, and reduction of the transition temperature under an external magnetic field of up to 9 tesla, with an upper critical magnetic field of about 62 tesla according to the Ginzburg–Landau model at zero temperature. The light, quantum nature of hydrogen limits the structural and stoichiometric determination of the system by X-ray scattering techniques, but Raman spectroscopy is used to probe the chemical and structural transformations before metallization. The introduction of chemical tuning within our ternary system could enable the preservation of the properties of room-temperature superconductivity at lower pressures. Room-temperature superconductivity is observed in a photochemically synthesized ternary carbonaceous sulfur hydride system at 15 °C and 267 GPa.

Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride

In this Article, we reported the synthesis of a crystalline CO2–SiO2 solid solution by reacting carbon dioxide and silica in a laser-heated diamond anvil cell at pressures between 16 and 22 GPa and temperatures greater than 4,000 K, and showed that carbon enters silica. We have now reanalysed all our X-ray diffraction patterns, in particular those at room pressure where potential volatile components (for example, CO2) are absent, making data interpretation as simple and clean as possible1. Indeed, we find that orthorhombic b-ReO2 (Pbcn) provides a better fit to the temperature-quenched new phase than tetragonal cristobalite. This possibility was also indicated by experimental results from Santamaria-Perez and co-workers2. Hence what we previously interpreted as a CO2–SiO2 solid solution now appears to be ReO2, indicating the decomposition of CO2 leading to the oxidation of Re from the gasket, which is found to diffuse into the sample in the laser heating experiment. The authors therefore wish to retract this Article.

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Retraction Note: Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type CO 2 –SiO 2 solid solution

The insulator-metal transition in hydrogen is one of the most outstanding problems in condensed-matter physics. The high-pressure metallic phase is now predicted to be liquid atomic from the low-temperature limit with the system in the ground state to very high temperatures. We have conducted measurements of optical properties of hot dense hydrogen in the region of 1.1\char21{}1.7 Mbars and up to 2200 K. We present evidence supportive of a first-order phase transition accompanied by changes in transmittance and reflectance, characteristic of a metal. The phase line of this transition has a negative slope in agreement with theories of the so-called plasma phase transition.

Evidence of a first-order phase transition to metallic hydrogen

Nitrogen-rich transition metal nitrides

The recent observation of room-temperature superconductivity will undoubtedly lead to a surge in the discovery of new, dense, hydrogen-rich materials. The rare earth metal superhydrides are predicted to have very high-T_{c} superconductivity that is tunable with changes in stoichiometry or doping. Here we report the synthesis of an yttrium superhydride that exhibits superconductivity at a critical temperature of 262 K at 182±8  GPa. A palladium thin film assists the synthesis by protecting the sputtered yttrium from oxidation and promoting subsequent hydrogenation. Phonon-mediated superconductivity is established by the observation of zero resistance, an isotope effect and the reduction of T_{c} under an external magnetic field. The upper critical magnetic field is 103 T at zero temperature.

Ashkan Salamat

Papers

Room-temperature superconductivity in a carbonaceous sulfur hydride

Retraction Note: Carbon enters silica forming a cristobalite-type CO 2 –SiO 2 solid solution

Evidence of a first-order phase transition to metallic hydrogen

Nitrogen-rich transition metal nitrides

Synthesis of Yttrium Superhydride Superconductor with a Transition Temperature up to 262 K by Catalytic Hydrogenation at High Pressures.