Purpose of the study. Why do superstars exist? Talent, fame and power. An economic theory behind the superstars' phenomenon. Hypothesis development. Overview through the most popular sports in the world.

Superstars and me: predicting the impact of role models on the self

Changing explicit and implicit attitudes: The case of self-esteem

More than meets the eye: The influence of implicit and explicit self-esteem on materialism

Approach bias modification in inpatient psychiatric smokers

Memory biases in remitted depression: the role of negative cognitions at explicit and automatic processing levels.

Previous research has shown that implicitly measured shyness predicted spontaneous shy behavior in social situations, while explicit self-ratings of shyness predicted controlled shy behavior (Asendorpf, Banse, & Mucke, 2002). The present study examined whether these same results would be replicated in Japan. In Study 1, college students (N=47) completed a shyness Implicit Association Test (IAT for shyness) and explicit self-ratings of shyness. In Study 2, friends (N=69) of the Study 1 participants rated those participants on various personality scales. Covariance structure analysis, revealed that only implicit self-concept measured by the shyness IAT predicted other-rated high interpersonal tension (spontaneous shy behavior). Also, only explicit self-concept predicted other-rated low praise seeking (controlled shy behavior). The results of this study are similar to the findings of the previous research.

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpsy/82/1/82_1_41/_pdf

Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit shyness

Three studies were conducted to construct a scale to measure shyness as a trait and to examine the reliability and validity of the scale. In Study I, 803 university students completed an original version of the Trait Shyness Scale (TSS) along with some other scales assessing tendencies theoretically linked to shyness. Through item analyses, 16 items were selected for the final TSS. Scores on the TSS showed a high internal consistency (α=.890) and a high test-retest reliability (γ=.724). Thus the reliability of TSS was established. The validity of TSS was confirmed by the following results. (1) The TSS score was significantly and positively correlated with the measures of evaluation apprehension, inferiority feeling, and interpersonal anxiety. Inverse relationships were observed between the TSS score and the measures of social expressivity and emotional control. (2) Correlation between the self-rated TSS score and the others (classmates)-rated shyness score of professional schools students (N=68) was γ=.584, p<.001 (Study II). (3) In Study III, 33 university students who had previously completed TSS were videotaped while they were role-playing with other students. Two raters viewed each tape and independently rated the target person on seven impressionistic rating items, including shyness. The rating of shyness was positively correlated with TSS score (γ.=557, p<.001).

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jjpsy1926/62/3/62_3_149/_pdf

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure Shyness as a Trait

The cultural psychology of romantic relationships is relatively understudied. To redress this lacunae, the present study examined the Japanese concept of ‘amae’, or the state of expecting a close other's indulgence when one behaves inappropriately, within the day-to-day relationships of 30 Japanese undergraduate romantic couples. For 2 weeks, both partners completed daily diaries that assessed their amae behaviour (requesting, receiving, and providing amae), relationship quality, conflict, and motivation to enhance closeness. Results revealed that amae behaviour was associated with greater relationship quality and less conflict. The motivation to enhance closeness partially mediated the association of amae with relationship quality.

/pdf/day-to-day-experiences-of-amae-in-japanese-romantic-5cg5ybiosr.pdf

Day-to-day experiences of amae in Japanese romantic relationships

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsre/21/3/21_162/_pdf

顕在的・潜在的自尊心の不一致と自己愛:―自己愛の3下位尺度との関連から―

This study investigated the test-retest reliability and the criterion-related validity of the Implicit Association Test (IAT [1]) that was developed for measuring shyness among Japanese people. The IAT has been used to measure implicit stereotypes, as well as self-concepts, such as implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem. We administered the shyness IAT and the self-esteem IAT to participants (N = 59) on two occasions over a one-week interval (Time 1 and Time 2) and examined the test-retest reliability by correlating shyness IATs between the two time points. We also assessed the criterion-related validity by calculating the correlation between implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem. The results indicated a sufficient positive correlation coefficient between the scores of implicit shyness over the one-week interval (r = .67, p < .01). Moreover, a strong negative correlation coefficient was indicated between implicit shyness and implicit self-esteem (r = −.72, p < .01). These results confirmed the testretest reliability and the criterion-related validity of the Japanese version of the shyness IAT, which is indicative of the validity of the test for assessing implicit shyness. key words: implicit shyness, implicit association test, reliability, validity

/pdf/test-retest-reliability-and-criterion-related-validity-of-1k6sfg38vb.pdf

Atsushi Aikawa

Papers

Using the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure implicit shyness

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of a Scale to Measure Shyness as a Trait

Day-to-day experiences of amae in Japanese romantic relationships

顕在的・潜在的自尊心の不一致と自己愛:―自己愛の3下位尺度との関連から―

Test-Retest Reliability and Criterion-Related Validity of the Implicit Association Test for Measuring Shyness