羟氨苄青霉素引起大疱性类天疱疮样疹

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Fractal and multifractal analysis: a review.

Starting from the background of nanofluidics in other disciplines, this paper describes the present state of research in this field and discusses possible directions of development. Emphasis is put on the very diverse background of nanofluidics in biology, chemistry, physics and engineering and the valuable knowledge available in these disciplines. First, the forces that play a role on the nanoscale are discussed and then a summary is given of some different theoretical treatments. Subsequently, an overview is given of the different phenomena occurring on the nanoscale and their present applications. Finally, some possible future applications are discussed.

Nanofluidics: what is it and what can we expect from it?

Materials and structures with negative Poisson's ratio exhibit a counter-intuitive behaviour. Under uniaxial compression (tension), these materials and structures contract (expand) transversely. The materials and structures that possess this feature are also termed as 'auxetics'. Many desirable properties resulting from this uncommon behaviour are reported. These superior properties offer auxetics broad potential applications in the fields of smart filters, sensors, medical devices and protective equipment. However, there are still challenging problems which impede a wider application of auxetic materials. This review paper mainly focuses on the relationships among structures, materials, properties and applications of auxetic metamaterials and structures. The previous works of auxetics are extensively reviewed, including different auxetic cellular models, naturally observed auxetic behaviour, different desirable properties of auxetics, and potential applications. In particular, metallic auxetic materials and a methodology for generating 3D metallic auxetic materials are reviewed in details. Although most of the literature mentions that auxetic materials possess superior properties, very few types of auxetic materials have been fabricated and implemented for practical applications. Here, the challenges and future work on the topic of auxetics are also presented to inspire prospective research work. This review article covers the most recent progress of auxetic metamaterials and auxetic structures. More importantly, several drawbacks of auxetics are also presented to caution researchers in the future study.

Auxetic metamaterials and structures: a review

A critical review of the pseudopotential multiphase lattice Boltzmann model: Methods and applications

An electrochemical method, based on the analysis of the time dependence of the diffusional flux of molecular species to a surface, for accurately (⩽ ± 0.02) determining the fractal dimension of rough surfaces 2 ⩽ Df < 2.4) in the 1–100 μm size range is described. We discuss how this method can be used for the measurement of the fractal dimension of fractured steel surfaces prepared by the Charpy impact test.

Electrochemical determination of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces

Experimental and theoretical study of steam condensation induced water hammer phenomena

Novel classification of pure working fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle

Lattice Boltzmann methods for two-phase flow modeling

Nature uses negative pressures in the most resourceful and efficient ways. Yet, negative pressure states are still sometimes considered inaccessible by part of the scientific community. In this paper we show that any condensed phase can exist in absolute negative pressure regimes, while the same is not true for gas phases. We also demonstrate that such states are not merely possible but have, in spite of their metastability, been observed experimentally on numerous occasions. Moreover, physical properties of several substances and mixtures have already been determined in the stretched liquid phase at absolute negative pressures. Nevertheless, conceiving of and succeeding in an experiment that produces high tension in a liquid are rather difficult. Thus, equations of state and computer simulations are powerful tools for studying metastable liquids. By using a simple equation of state we show: how negative pressure regimes can be attained; the maximum intrinsic tension a liquid can sustain; and below which temperature a liquid can be found in this state. Experimental and theoretical work on liquids at negative pressures is reviewed. Furthermore, the similarities and differences between negative temperature and negative pressure states are demonstrated. Due to water's non-trivial behavior as well as its technological and scientific importance, it has been the most studied substance in metastable phenomena. We will thus devote particular attention to some of the rich features of its metastable phase diagram. Water belongs to a class of substances that presents density anomalies. We also show how the negative pressure region of the phase diagram proves to be paramount in understanding the unusual behavior of this class of substances.

Attila R. Imre

Papers

Electrochemical determination of the fractal dimension of fractured surfaces

Experimental and theoretical study of steam condensation induced water hammer phenomena

Novel classification of pure working fluids for Organic Rankine Cycle

Lattice Boltzmann methods for two-phase flow modeling

Thermodynamics of negative pressures in liquids