Given that the recent rapid growth of offshore production, especially in the Arctic region of the Russian Federation, is causing increased concern about oil spills on the water surface, this issue is especially relevant and important today. These pollutants have a devastating impact on the world’s marine biosphere. Therefore, effective and reliable methods and instruments must be used for operational spill detection in order to detect a remote oil spill. Several methods for oil spill monitoring and Russian developments in this area were described, including their features, advantages, and drawbacks. In cases when use in difficult Arctic conditions was anticipated, due to the harsh climate and ice-covered water surface, it was not always possible for spill detection instruments to be utilized. Despite this, such methods as radar, infrared, and ultraviolet were proven to be effective during this research. Ultimately, the combination of these methods returned the greatest volume of information to offshore platform staff about a detected oil spill. The information provided includes the spread area of the spill, the thickness of the leak, and the chemical composition of the oil.

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Features of Oil Spills Monitoring on the Water Surface by the Russian Federation in the Arctic Region

In this research, we study the physicochemical characterization of the injection water during water flooding and the changes in the water quality during its transportation from the Main injection pump (MIP) to the Well Head (WH) at the offshore platform in Mumbai High offshore field, India. The distance between the main injection pump and the well head is approximately 15 kilometers, connected by a subsea pipeline, which is long enough to degrade the quality of injection water during its transport. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, turbidity, cations, anions, filterability, iron content, Total suspended solids (TSS), Total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined from the industrial laboratory investigations. Cerini plots were graphed to determine the relative quality of water at MIP and injector. The result indicates the addition of solid content in the water during travel to wellhead. There is also a reduction in filterability from 6.45L/30 min to 3.43L/30 min. There has been increase in iron content from 0.01 mg/L to 6.85 mg/L. The research showed that there was deterioration in the quality of injection water during the transportation through the pipeline. An injection water treatment plant was recommended at the Mumbai High offshore platform after this study.

Physicochemical Characterization and Analysis of Injection Water Quality During Waterflooding at Offshore Petroleum Facilities

This manuscript primarily focuses on the constraints associated with the extended version of Darcy’s law that is used to describe the multiphase flow through a porous media; and in particular, a petroleum reservoir. This manuscript clearly brings out the basics associated with the usage of Darcy’s law, and reasons out the inapplicability of the Navier-Stokes Equation in order to describe the momentum conservation in a typical petroleum reservoir. Further, this work highlights the essence of continuum-based Darcy’s macroscopic-scale equation with that of Navier-Stokes’s microscopic-scale equation. Further, the absence of capillary forces in original Darcy’s equation and extending the same by considering the concept of ‘capillary pressure’ in order to accommodate the multi-phase flow has several critical constraints associated with it. In this manuscript, all these constraints or limitations have been posed in the form of a list of basic queries that need to be addressed or at least to be understood with clarity, when applying the multi-phase fluid flow equations associated with a petroleum reservoir. This study is limited to an oil-water two-phase system.

Darcy-and pore-scale issues associated with multi-phase fluid flow through a petroleum reservoir

The global lifestyle of this modern world has become more dependent on petroleum-based products, whose applications are involved almost everywhere. Since a large quantity of oil is being used on a daily basis, the spilling of oil by various means during its storage and transportation has become inevitable. This work focuses on the spilling of oil in a marine environment, generally referred to as an offshore oil spill, in contrast to an onshore oil spill associated with a terrestrial environment. These oil spills not only devastate the natural resources and unsettle the economy, they also jeopardize marine life, as well as human health. The remediation of an oil spill remains very challenging, when the disaster is associated with a large aerial extent. In this context, a sound understanding is required on the origin, seeping, composition and properties of the spilled oil in order to better monitor the spreading of the oil spill. In this manuscript, a detailed list of fundamental queries, which will be required to be addressed at the instance of an oil spill has been deduced, which will be extremely useful for the oil spill respondents as there are no previous studies that exclusively provide the type and nature of data required to be collected, immediately following an oil spill. Furthermore, this manuscript has deduced a list of sensitive and essential plots that will be required in order to analyse and forecast the spreading of an oil spill. An essence of weathering and its associated movement of oil spill has been included.

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Oil spill in a marine environment: requirements following an offshore oil spill

Darcy’s law is widely used to describe the steady-state laminar incompressible single-phase fluid flow in a fully saturated porous medium at the macroscopic-scale. However, in reality, we will be dealing with transient non-laminar compressible multi-phase fluid flow through a saturated porous medium. In this context, it is important to understand the original framework of Darcy’s law; and subsequently, we need to understand clearly, under what circumstances the classical Darcy’s law was extended in order to consider the (a) the differential form of Darcy’s law; (b) the non-linear relation between pressure gradient and fluid velocity; (b) the transient nature of fluid flow; (c) the fluid flow through heterogeneous and anisotropic reservoirs or aquifers. It has been reemphasized from the present study that the presence of weak inertial effect along with the laminar fluid regime causes the ‘non-linear’ relation between the macroscopic pressure gradient and the macroscopic fluid velocity, while the strong inertial effect paves the way for the onset of transient nature of fluid flow.

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Avanish Mishra

Papers

Darcy-and pore-scale issues associated with multi-phase fluid flow through a petroleum reservoir

Oil spill in a marine environment: requirements following an offshore oil spill

Darcy’s experimental empirical relation and its extension