A type III protein secretion system encoded by Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI2) has been found to be required for virulence and survival within macrophages. Here, SPI2 was shown to allow Salmonella typhimurium to avoid NADPH oxidase-dependent killing by macrophages. The ability of SPI2-mutant bacteria to survive in macrophages and to cause lethal infection in mice was restored by abrogation of the NADPH oxidase-dependent respiratory burst. Ultrastructural and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrated efficient localization of the NADPH oxidase in the proximity of vacuoles containing SPI2-mutant but not wild-type bacteria, suggesting that SPI2 interferes with trafficking of oxidase-containing vesicles to the phagosome.

Salmonella Pathogenicity Island 2—Dependent Evasion of the

The last edition of Tietz's Fundamentals of Clinical Chemistry appeared more than ten years ago and survives as a dated but valuable reference. The successor to Fundamentals, Textbook of Clinical Chemistry , follows an outline similar to the original text but adds many new subjects and updates older topics. This has resulted in a text that is 50% larger than its predecessor. Much of the newer material centers on interpretation and understanding of data and its limitations. For example, more than 200 pages (compared with 50 pages) are dedicated to an introductory section entitled "Acquisition, Management, and Application of Laboratory Data," covering the use of reference ranges, statistics, quality assurance, method evaluation, and computers. The remaining introductory chapters discuss general procedures, instrumentation, and automation. Unfortunately, the chapter that discusses current automated instrumentation already has been outdated by equipment evolution and could have been incorporated into the chapter about general instrumentation principles.

Textbook of Clinical Chemistry

The survival rate, p , of a measured inoculum of Staph. aureus in a standard volume of denbrinated blood, is a reliable quantitative measure of the bactericidal power of blood. The number of viable organisms in the inoculum and in the blood-bacterium mixture may be estimated with the necessary accuracy by counts of colonies developing from measured volumes of the fluids let fall on to the surface of solid media. Fildes' agar was the most suitable medium for this surface-viable count, and was selected on the basis of four criteria; of the media tested it yielded the highest counts, and the counts conformed most closely to a Poisson series; and on it the mean colony size was maximum, and the coefficient of variation of colony size was minimum. On this medium, the close conformity of the separate count values to a Poisson series enabled the standard error of the survival rate to be determined from a simplification of the general expression for the standard error of a ratio. The number of colonies growing from a sample of a blood-bacterium mixture may be reduced, not by killing of the individual cocci, but as a result of their aggregation either by agglutinins in the blood, or in the cytoplasm of leucocytes that are phagocytic but not bactericidal. It appears that these mechanisms are unlikely to operate in blood-bacterium mixture containing relatively few organisms; in such mixtures the survival rate is a reflexion of the killing power only. The immunological significance of p has not been investigated, but the range of values for healthy human adults differs significantly from that for sufferers from chronic staphylococcal infection. Moreover, by the technique employed differences may be detected between individual values of p that cannot reasonably be attributed to technical or sampling errors.

The Estimation of the Bactericidal Power of the Blood. With a Note by J. O. IRWIN.

A fifty fecal swabs (25 from Anbar province and 25 from Salahuddin province) were collected from both sexes dogs with different global breeds, different ages. These swabs were cultured onto blood , nutrient and MacConkey agars, then the colonies were purified on nutrient and MacConkey agars. A gram stain and biochemical tests were done including catalase, oxidase and TSI. The results of isolation and identification showed that Salmonella spp. were isolated from 5 out of 14 puppies (35.7%), while E. coli from 9 (64.3%) and Serratia spp. from 1(7.1%), whereas, from adults , salmonella spp. isolated from 9 (25%) dogs and E. coli from 24 (66.7%) out of 36 adult dogs.It is concluded that Salmonella spp. and E. coli are the most prevalent in asymptomatic dogs and puppies in Anbar province and Salahuddin which means that the dogs are a reservoir for these bacteria and it is considered as a bad indication for transmission of this pathogen to human being and other animals.

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Isolation and Identification of Facultative Anaerobic Bacteria from Feces of Pet Dogs

4.8 . هرطيسك ويناثلا تمدختساو زيكرت ، ةصوصرملا ـدلا ايلاخ ـجح( ةيلاتلا ةيومدلا ريياعملا فم ؿك يف يجيردت عافترا ىلا ريشت ةسا ردلا جئاتن تناك ـدلا تايرك ددع ، ـدلا باضخ يوركلا ـجحلا ؿدعم ( يف ايئاصحا سوممم ريغت يأ أ رطي ـل فيح يف ) فيفيملا ئشنمو يمكلا ـدلا تانيتورب زيكرت رمحلا لاا فيمويلا ؿلاخ تعفترا دقف يمكلا ضيبلا ـدلا ايلاخ دادعا ىلا ةبسنلاب . ) يوركلا ـدلا باضخ زيكرت ؿدعمو يوركلا ـدلا باضخ ؿدعم ، فم فيلو ى فاكو ةبرجتلا . ةبرجتلا ةياين ىتح ضافخنلااب داع ـث ةاونلا ةديحو ايلاخلاو ةيوافمملا ايلاخلا ، تلادعلا دادعا يف عافتراب ابوحصم عافترلاا اذ

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Hematological changes in experimentally infected doges with Salmonella give .

This study aimed to evaluate the liver, kidney damage caused by S. typhimurium and to estimate the oxidative damage in association with this bacteria. A highly virulent isolates of S. typhimurium were obtained from the
 department of internal and preventive medicine/ College of Veterinary Medicine/ University of Baghdad. A twenty five local rabbits of both genders with age range (2-4 months) weeks old were used for this study, the rabbits were divided randomly into
 five groups each group contains 5 rabbits :- group 1: drenched orally with 5 ml of normal saline and consider as control group, group 2: were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium and regarded as
 infected group, group 3 were drenched orally with (5 ml) suspension which have (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of gentamicin alone at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post
 inoculation), group 4 were drenched (5 ml) suspension having (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of Ca-EDTA alone at 40mg/kg orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and group 5 were drenched
 (5 ml) suspension that contain (5��109 CFU) of Salmonella typhimurium then treated with a single dose of combined gentamicin at 0.05ml/kg (5mg/ml) orally after presence of signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation) and Ca-EDTA 40mg/kg after presence of
 signs (after 24hrs. post inoculation).The results of biochemical profile showed a significant increase (p less than 0.05) in ALT, creatinine and urea levels in infected group as compared with control group, while, the treated groups especially group
 5 showed a significant improvement in ALT, Urea and creatinine levels which returned to relative normal levels as compared with infected group after 96hrs. post treatment. Also, the results of oxidative stress showed a significant increase in the
 levels of MDA in G2, G3, G4 and G5 after 48 hrs. post treatment, while the level of GSH showed a significant decrease in the level at 48hrs., both were returned to relative normal levels after 96hrs.post treatment especially in group 5.In conclusion,
 S. typhimurium can causing liver and kidney damage which is manifested by increase ALT, Urea and Creatinine. Also, MDA and GSH is increased due to salmonellosis.

Ayman Barzan Abdulgafor

Papers

Liver, Kidney Function Tests and Oxidative Damage During and after Treatment of Salmonella typhimurium Infection in Experimental Local Rabbits