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Table Of Integrals Series And Products

Elements of Information Theory (2nd ed.). Thomas M. Cover and Joy A. Thomas

Accurate channel models are essential to evaluate mobile communication system performance and optimize coverage for existing deployments. The introduction of various transmission frequencies for 5G imposes new challenges for accurate radio performance prediction. This paper compares traditional channel models to a channel model obtained using Deep Learning (DL)-techniques utilizing satellite images aided by a simple path loss model. Experimental measurements are gathered and compose the training and test set. This paper considers path loss modelling techniques offered by state-of-the-art stochastic models and a ray-tracing model for comparison and evaluation. The results show that 1) the satellite images offer an increase in predictive performance by ≈ 0.8 dB, 2) The model-aided technique offers an improvement of ≈ 1 dB, and 3) that the proposed DL model is capable of improving path loss prediction at unseen locations for 811 MHz with ≈ 1 dB and ≈ 4.7 dB for 2630 MHz.

/pdf/model-aided-deep-learning-method-for-path-loss-prediction-in-4muhxtlsdt.pdf

Model-Aided Deep Learning Method for Path Loss Prediction in Mobile Communication Systems at 2.6 GHz

The indoor positioning system (IPS) is becoming increasing important in accurately determining the locations of objects by the utilization of micro-electro-mechanical-systems (MEMS) involving smartphone sensors, embedded sources, mapping localizations, and wireless communication networks. Generally, a global positioning system (GPS) may not be effective in servicing the reality of a complex indoor environment, due to the limitations of the line-of-sight (LoS) path from the satellite. Different techniques have been used in indoor localization services (ILSs) in order to solve particular issues, such as multipath environments, the energy inefficiency of long-term battery usage, intensive labour and the resources of offline information collection and the estimation of accumulated positioning errors. Moreover, advanced algorithms, machine learning, and valuable algorithms have given rise to effective ways in determining indoor locations. This paper presents a comprehensive review on the positioning algorithms for indoors, based on advances reported in radio wave, infrared, visible light, sound, and magnetic field technologies. The traditional ranging parameters in addition to advanced parameters such as channel state information (CSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), and reference signal received quality (RSRQ) are also presented for distance estimation in localization systems. In summary, the recent advanced algorithms can offer precise positioning behaviour for an unknown environment in indoor locations.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/1/279/pdf

Review of Indoor Positioning: Radio Wave Technology

GSEs will be one of the key components of the exploding market of the Internet of Things – which is of extreme interest to many large and small companies in Europe. The Internet of Things essentially refers to a tagging of all uniquely identifiable objects, or things, so they can be identified and tracked in their daily life. RFID (Radio-frequency identification) is generally seen as a prerequisite for SEs.

/pdf/cooperative-radio-communications-for-green-smart-16hroj2aez.pdf

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (SFR) systems are an efficient cellular interference management technique to reduce inter-cell interference in multi-cell OFDMA networks. In this paper, a new and unified analytical framework for performance evaluation for both systems over a composite fading environment is presented. Explicit expressions are obtained for the area spectral efficiency (ASE) with both FFR and SFR, under fully loaded and partially loaded systems for downlink and uplink, and in generalized frequency reuse factor. The presented numerical result provides useful system design guidelines between the two systems. It is demonstrated that SFR outperforms FFR in a partially loaded scenario while the opposite is true for fully loaded system. The mathematical model is then extended to include the analysis of elastic data traffic in FFR system.

A Unified Framework for the Analysis of Fractional Frequency Reuse Techniques

Fractional frequency reuse (FFR) and soft frequency reuse (SFR) are efficient interference avoidance techniques for emerging OFDMA cellular networks in improving system performance by regularly reusing the frequencies. In this paper, we evaluate the energy efficiency (EE) in bits/J and EE per channel per cell in bits/J/Hz/cell for both the static FFR and SFR systems, in Nakagami-m fading and path-loss. In addition, we analyze the effect of fixed and variable cell-edge power amplification factor, α, on the FFR and SFR systems EE, the area spectral efficiency and the capacity. Our simulation and analytical results show that the SFR EE is higher than the FFR EE at low and medium α, whereas at very high α, the opposite is true. The observation is valid in fully-loaded cells, however, in partially-loaded cells, even at high α, SFR EE outperforms FFR EE.

On the energy efficiency of fractional frequency reuse techniques

Heterogeneous networks consisting of small cells (e.g. femtocells) are capable of achieving high capacity and improving indoor cellular coverage area, while the fractional frequency reuse (FFR) scheme has been proposed for upcoming and future cellular systems to improve spectral efficiency in cellular OFDM networks. In two-tier networks of macrocells layered with femtocells, the resource allocation will most likely be sharing the same licensed spectrum. In this paper, we formulate a simple femtocells resource allocation strategies that allows a femtocells base station (FBS) to allocate more resources (co-channel) in high usage areas such as commercial FBS (cFBS) and orthogonal resource allocation for randomly deployed home user FBS (hFBS). We analyze our strategy in a multi-cell systems using area spectral efficiency (ASE) in composite fading consisting of Nakagami-m fading, path-loss and log-normal shadowing. Analytical and simulation results show that our simple resource allocation strategies are able to reduce inter-tier interferences and to offer an improvement in the overall spectral efficiency of the two-tier systems.

Hybrid femtocell resource allocation strategy in fractional frequency reuse

Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR) is a simple and efficient method to suppress inter-cell interference (ICI) in multi-cell OFDMA networks. Base station cooperation, or a coordinated multipoint (CoMP) multiple access strategy in the FFR cell-edge, will further improve the performance of the systems. This paper presents analytical performance analysis for the downlink FFR scheme in a cluster of three or seven cells with CoMP over generalized composite fading consisting of Nakagami-m fading, path-loss and log-normal shadowing. Our analysis include the effect of full and partial loading of inter-group interference (IGI) on the capacity of the cellular system. We demonstrate that by reducing the number of participating CoMP base stations in cooperating cluster, the IGI is reduced, maximizing the capacity of the system. Our framework able to compute the spectral efficiency via a single numerical integral and is applicable to arbitrary fading distribution. Numerical and simulation results are provided.

Performance of fractional frequency reuse with comp at the cell-edge

This paper presents a Dual-sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) technique which is used to generate an optical millimeter-wave (mm-wave) signal in radio over fiber (RoF) systems. The proposed system employs a Dual-Electrode Mach-Zehnder Modulator (DE-MZM) and a carrier of 40 GHz mm-wave for data transmission through the RoF systems. Characteristics determining the performance of the system, among which are the modulation index, phase imbalance and dispersion parameters, are included. The performance evaluations of the system show that the mm-wave signal output power follows MZM’s transfer function when the modulation index is raised. Moreover, the generated optical mm-wave signal power is affected by phase imbalance and optical splitting ratio. It is observed that the optical fiber dispersion influences the DSB-OCS system by decreasing the amplitude of the mm-wave and the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).

https://www.mdpi.com/2304-6732/8/5/153/pdf

Azwan Mahmud

Papers

A Unified Framework for the Analysis of Fractional Frequency Reuse Techniques

On the energy efficiency of fractional frequency reuse techniques

Hybrid femtocell resource allocation strategy in fractional frequency reuse

Performance of fractional frequency reuse with comp at the cell-edge

Modulation Index and Phase Imbalance of Dual-Sideband Optical Carrier Suppression (DSB-OCS) in Optical Millimeter-Wave System