抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Structure and nanostructure in ionic liquids.

Underpotential deposition at single crystal surfaces of Au, Pt, Ag and other materials

As their name indicates, liquid crystals simultaneously exhibit some characteristics common to both ordinary isotropic liquids and solid crystals. This ambivalence is also found in the effects of surfaces on these systems which lead to a great diversity of phenomena. These phenomena are reviewed focusing on nematic liquid crystals which have the simplest structure among the many existing types and which have been the most extensively studied. Three main kinds of effects can be distinguished. The first concerns the perturbation of the liquid crystalline structure close to the surface. Beyond this transition region, the bulk liquid crystalline structure is recovered with an orientation which is fixed by the surface: this phenomenon of orientation of liquid crystals by surfaces is the so-called anchoring. Finally, close to bulk phase transitions, critical adsorption or wetting can occur at surfaces as is also seen in isotropic systems.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0034-4885/54/3/002/pdf

Surface effects and anchoring in liquid crystals

Synchrotron surface x-ray scattering (SXS) studies have been carried out at the Au(lll)/electrolyte interface to determine the influence of surface charge on the microscopic arrangement of gold surface atoms. At the electrochemical interface, the surface charge density can be continuously varied by controlling the applied potential. The top layer of gold atoms undergoes a reversible phase transition between the (1 x 1) bulk termination and a (23 x radical3) reconstructed phase on changing the electrode potential. In order to differentiate the respective roles of surface charge and adsorbates, studies were carried out in 0.1 M NaF, NaCl, and NaBr solutions. The phase transition occurs at an induced surface charge density of 0.07 +/- 0.02 electron per atom in all three solutions.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/255/5050/1416.full.pdf

Surface Charge—Induced Ordering of the Au(111) Surface

The structure of a series of alcohol-terminated bifunctional long-tail organosilane films with varying numbers of superimposed monolayers (between 1 and 11), prepared on smooth, hydrophilic silicon substrates by the layer-by-layer self-assembly approach, has been investigated with the purpose of elucidating details of the molecular organization and the intra- and interlayer modes of binding in such films To this end, experimental results obtained by synchrotron X-ray scattering, micro-Raman, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic techniques have been combined and compared A comprehensive analysis of all data demonstrates that the studied multilayer films consist of stacks of uncorrelated discrete monolayers, the inner molecular order of which is preserved with the growing total number of superimposed layers Similar to self-assembled films of long-tail silanes with terminal −COOH groups,1 the intermolecular binding in the present films is characterized by partial intra- and interlayer coval

X-ray, micro-Raman, and infrared spectroscopy structural characterization of self-assembled multilayer silane films with variable numbers of stacked layers

Synchrotron X-ray scattering results of halide monolayers of bromide and iodide on single-crystal electrodes are presented. Both commensurate and incommensurate structures are observed. The incommensurate structures electrocompress with increasing potential. The relative roles of the halide—halide and the substrate—halide interactions are discussed for iodide on Au(111), Ag(111), and Pt(111) and for bromide on Au(111), Ag(111) and Au(100).

The structure and phase behavior of electrodeposited halides on single-crystal metal surfaces

The temperature dependence of surface-induced atomic layering in liquid gallium has been investigated with x-ray reflectivity. The prominent layering peak at {ital q}{sub {ital z}}=2.4 A{sup {minus}1} decreases dramatically upon heating from 22 to 170{degree}C, but its width stays, unexpectedly, unchanged. The decrease is traced to the temperature dependence of capillary-wave induced surface roughness. The constant width indicates a temperature-independent layering decay length. The measured layering amplitudes are found to be significantly underestimated by existing theory and molecular simulations. {copyright} {ital 1996 The American Physical Society.}

/pdf/capillary-wave-roughening-of-surface-induced-layering-in-45b6tf7ih9.pdf

Capillary-wave roughening of surface-induced layering in liquid gallium

Millimolar bulk concentrations of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) induce spreading of alkanes, $\mathrm{H}({\mathrm{CH}}_{2}{)}_{n}\mathrm{H}$ (denoted ${\mathrm{C}}_{n}$) $12\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}21$, on the water surface, which is not otherwise wet by these alkanes. The novel Langmuir-Gibbs film (LGF) formed is a liquidlike monolayer comprising both alkanes and CTAB tails. Upon cooling, an ordering transition occurs, yielding a hexagonally packed, quasi-2D crystal. For $11\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}17$ this surface-frozen LGF is a crystalline monolayer. For $18\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}21$ the LGF is a bilayer with a crystalline, pure-alkane, upper monolayer, and a liquidlike lower monolayer. The phase diagram and film structure were determined by x-ray, ellipsometry, and surface tension measurements. A thermodynamic theory accounts quantitatively for the observations.

B. M. Ocko

Papers

Surface Charge—Induced Ordering of the Au(111) Surface

X-ray, micro-Raman, and infrared spectroscopy structural characterization of self-assembled multilayer silane films with variable numbers of stacked layers

The structure and phase behavior of electrodeposited halides on single-crystal metal surfaces

Capillary-wave roughening of surface-induced layering in liquid gallium

Wetting, mixing, and phase transitions in Langmuir-Gibbs films.