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Titanium Dioxide Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Properties, Modifications, and Applications

In this critical review, metal oxides-based materials for electrochemical supercapacitor (ES) electrodes are reviewed in detail together with a brief review of carbon materials and conducting polymers. Their advantages, disadvantages, and performance in ES electrodes are discussed through extensive analysis of the literature, and new trends in material development are also reviewed. Two important future research directions are indicated and summarized, based on results published in the literature: the development of composite and nanostructured ES materials to overcome the major challenge posed by the low energy density of ES (476 references).

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A review of electrode materials for electrochemical supercapacitors

2.3. Evaluation of Photocatalytic Water Splitting 6507 2.3.1. Photocatalytic Activity 6507 2.3.2. Photocatalytic Stability 6507 3. UV-Active Photocatalysts for Water Splitting 6507 3.1. d0 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6507 3.1.1. Ti-, Zr-Based Oxides 6507 3.1.2. Nb-, Ta-Based Oxides 6514 3.1.3. W-, Mo-Based Oxides 6517 3.1.4. Other d0 Metal Oxides 6518 3.2. d10 Metal Oxide Photocatalyts 6518 3.3. f0 Metal Oxide Photocatalysts 6518 3.4. Nonoxide Photocatalysts 6518 4. Approaches to Modifying the Electronic Band Structure for Visible-Light Harvesting 6519

Semiconductor-based Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation

Photoinduced reactivity of titanium dioxide

The role of heteroatoms in carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage

Noble metal loaded TiO2 catalysts have been employed as catalysts for the photocatalytic reduction of nitrite and nitrate ions to ammonia. The yield of ammonia was found to depend on the nature, amount of metal and the method of metallization. An optimum metal content is beneficial for the activity. Beyond the optimum content the activity decreases.

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrite and nitrate ions to ammonia on M/TiO2 catalysts

Cryptomelane type manganese oxide OMS-2 material was synthesized by redox reaction between potassium permanganate and manganese sulphate in acidic medium under reflux or hydrothermal crystallization conditions. Ce was added by ion-exchange, impregnation or directly at crystallization stage. The chemical composition, structure, texture, morphology and thermal stability of the materials were measured by EDX spectroscopy, XRD, N 2 -adsorption, SEM and TGA. Results of the catalytic wet oxidation of phenol at 100 °C indicate best performance of the well-crystallized octahedral molecular sieve with cryptomelane structure where all the accessible potassium ions were exchanged for cerium cations. OMS-2 materials containing pure CeO 2 phase and excess of active oxygen species had lower stability, activity and capacity for oxidative reactive adsorption of phenol. Implementation of Ce-exchanged crystalline OMS-2 catalyst improves the wastewater treatment capacity by a factor of 1.5–2 and 3 compared with co-precipitated Mn–Ce-oxide and activated carbon, respectively.

Cerium incorporated ordered manganese oxide OMS-2 materials: Improved catalysts for wet oxidation of phenol compounds

The possibility of hydrogen production by photo-catalytic decomposition of water on titania has provided the incentive for intense research. Titania is the preferred semiconductor for this process, in spite of its large band gap (~3.2 eV) that restricts its utility only in the UV region. Various sensitization methodologies have been adopted to make titania to be active in the visible region. Doping of TiO2 with nitrogen is one such method. The purpose of this presentation is to examine the state and location of nitrogen introduced in TiO2 lattice and how far the shift of optical response to visible radiation can be beneficial for the observed photo-catalysis. The specific aspects that are discussed in this article are: (i) N-doped titania surface adopts a non-native configuration, though the bulk material is still in the native configuration of pure TiO2 (ii)	Though the nitrogen doped materials showed optical response in the visible region, the changes/improvements in photo-catalytic activity are only marginal in most of the cases. (iii)	The exact chemical nature/state of the introduced nitrogen, and its location in titania lattice, substitutional and/or interstitial, is still unclear (iv)	Is there a limit to the incorporation of nitrogen in the lattice of TiO2?

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Balasubramanian Viswanathan

Papers

The role of heteroatoms in carbon nanotubes for hydrogen storage

Photocatalytic reduction of nitrite and nitrate ions to ammonia on M/TiO2 catalysts

Cerium incorporated ordered manganese oxide OMS-2 materials: Improved catalysts for wet oxidation of phenol compounds

Nitrogen Incorporation in TiO2: Does It Make a Visible Light Photo-Active Material?

Hydrogen storage in boron substituted carbon nanotubes