The rapid consumption of fossil fuel and increased environmental damage caused by it have given a strong impetus to the growth and development of fuel-efficient vehicles. Hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have evolved from their inchoate state and are proving to be a promising solution to the serious existential problem posed to the planet earth. Not only do HEVs provide better fuel economy and lower emissions satisfying environmental legislations, but also they dampen the effect of rising fuel prices on consumers. HEVs combine the drive powers of an internal combustion engine and an electrical machine. The main components of HEVs are energy storage system, motor, bidirectional converter and maximum power point trackers (MPPT, in case of solar-powered HEVs). The performance of HEVs greatly depends on these components and its architecture. This paper presents an extensive review on essential components used in HEVs such as their architectures with advantages and disadvantages, choice of bidirectional converter to obtain high efficiency, combining ultracapacitor with battery to extend the battery life, traction motors’ role and their suitability for a particular application. Inclusion of photovoltaic cell in HEVs is a fairly new concept and has been discussed in detail. Various MPPT techniques used for solar-driven HEVs are also discussed in this paper with their suitability.

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A comprehensive review on hybrid electric vehicles: architectures and components

An improved genetic algorithm optimization fuzzy controller applied to the wellhead back pressure control system

Electric vehicles (EV) are becoming more common mobility in the transportation sector in recent times. The dependence on oil as the source of energy for passenger vehicles has economic and political implications, and the crisis will take over as the oil reserves of the world diminish. As concerns of oil depletion and security of the oil supply remain as severe as ever, and faced with the consequences of climate change due to greenhouse gas emissions from the tail pipes of vehicles, the world today is increasingly looking at alternatives to traditional road transport technologies. EVs are seen as a promising green technology which could lead to the decarbonization of the passenger vehicle fleet and to independence from oil. There are possibilities of immense environmental benefits as well, as EVs have zero tail pipe emission and therefore are capable of curbing the pollution problems created by vehicle emission in an efficient way so they can extensively reduce the greenhouse gas emissions produced by the transportation sector as pure electric vehicles are the only vehicles with zero-emission potential. However, there are some major barriers for EVs to overcome before totally replacing ICE vehicles in the transportation sector and obtain appreciable market penetration. This review evaluates the technological aspects of the different power train systems of BEV technology and highlights those technological areas where important progress is expected by focusing on reviewing all the useful information and data available on EV architecture, electrical machines, optimization techniques, and its possibilities of future developments as green mobility. The challenges of different electric drive trains’ commercialization are discussed. The major objective is to provide an overall view of the current pure electric vehicle powertrain technology and possibilities of future green vehicle development to assist in future research in this sector.

Status of Pure Electric Vehicle Power Train Technology and Future Prospects

Brushless DC Motor is a three phase permanent magnet motor that requires DC voltage as its supply. This kind of motor is widely used in electric vehicles due to high efficiency and high torque. Unfortunately, speed control method of brushless DC motor is still quite difficult if applied to electric vehicle. Electric vehicle that uses brushless DC motor works on dynamic load system with the varied set point. The use of conventional PID controller can't be applied to dynamic load system. If this controller still be applied, the system response to steady state will be long enough and cause the motor has a bad performance. The use of PID-Fuzzy is the solution to solve this problem. Simple PID algorithm and fuzzy logic in case of PID parameter tuning are expected to maintain the steady state condition of brushless DC motor speed at varied set point and dynamic load condition. So, the brushless DC motor performance will be improved.

Design of PID-fuzzy for speed control of brushless DC motor in dynamic electric vehicle to improve steady-state performance

Considering the superior control characteristics and increased tuning flexibility of the Fractional-Order Proportional Integral Derivative (FOPID) controller than the conventional PID regulator, this article attempts to explore its application in the optimal design of the Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). Since FOPID has two additional tuning parameters (µ and ʎ) than its mentioned conventional counterpart, its tuning process is comparatively difficult. To overcome the stated issue, a self-regulated off-line optimal tuning method based on the Gradient-Based Optimization (GBO) algorithm is adopted in the current study. The optimal FOPID gains are obtained by minimizing the selected Fitness Function (FF) that is chosen as Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE) in the current study. The simulations are performed using MATLAB/SIMULINK 2018a to test and compare the performance of the proposed GBO-based optimal AVR design based on the dynamic response, stability, and robustness evaluation metrics with some of the recently published metaheuristic optimization algorithm based optimal AVR designs in the literature. The results show that the proposed AVR design provides the most optimal dynamic response and enhanced stability among the considered AVR designs, thus proves its efficacy and essence.

Optimal design of Fractional order PID controller based Automatic voltage regulator system using gradient-based optimization algorithm

In this paper, a Firefly Algorithm (FA) based Fractional Order PID (FOPID) Controller is proposed for Brushless DC (BLDC) motor to achieve an effective control of torque and speed. In a conventional control of BLDC motors, the torque references are converted into current references and phase currents are controlled using current controllers. This indirect way of controlling torque is not effective and results in a ripple in the torque. This paper proposes a direct instantaneous scheme in which reference torques are compared with estimated torques directly and the error is given to FOPID controller. The FOPID torque controller controls the motor torque effectively with a very low ripple. Here, FA technique is used to tune the FOPID parameters. Simulation results are verified in Matlab/Simulink environment and also the effectiveness of proposed FOPID controller is compared with GA based FOPID controller.

Direct instantaneous torque control of Brushless DC motor using firefly Algorithm based fractional order PID controller

Diminishing Energy Consumption Cost and Optimal Energy Management of Photovoltaic Aided Electric Vehicle (PV-EV) By GFO-VITG Approach

In this manuscript, to increase the conversion efficiency of high current low voltage bidirectional DC/DC converter is proposed. The proposed converter uses switched inductor and switched coupled mutual inductance in the proposed system. Here, the switched inductor is an impedance network consists of split inductors and switches, which provides the high voltage conversion ratio and improves the output power quality that need for the low voltage applications. It also used as a filter to circulate the high frequency switching harmonics. In the proposed circuit, leakage current and power loss of mutual inductance is decreased because of soft switching. Thus the proposed method helps to reduce the switching loss, possibly low electro magnetic interference (EMI) and easier thermal management. This is used in the development of light-load competence of power conversion of DC/DC converter. The proposed work performed using MATLAB/Simulink platform. Finally, the conversion efficiency of proposed high current low voltage DC/DC converter is compared with classical circuit.

An efficient integration and control approach to increase the conversion efficiency of high-current low-voltage DC/DC converter

In future Electric vehicles (EV) are trend setters for transportation with zero greenhouse gas emission and higher efficiency. In EV applications, Brushless DC motors (BLDCM) are most predominantly used. Here, a Hybrid Fuzzy PI controller is intended for effective speed regulation of BLDCM. In general, Fuzzy logic controllers (FLC) provide better transient performance and results steady state error. The PI speed controller gives good steady state performance but poor transient performance. For getting an excellent performance, the referred Hybrid fuzzy PI controller combines the merits of the above two controllers. Also, this paper presents relative study among PI, FLC and Hybrid Fuzzy PI controller for a BLDCM. In Matlab/Simulink environment, the BLDCM with proposed controller is designed and simulated. Results prove the predominance of intended Hybrid Fuzzy PI for BLDC motors.

Performance evaluation of Hybrid Fuzzy PI speed controller for Brushless DC motor for Electric vehicle application

Brushless DC motors (BLDCM) are most popular because of their higher efficiency, less maintenance and precise control characteristics. However, this motor has nonlinear nature and can be affected easily by the parameter change and disruption. For any automobile and industrial applications, it is essential to govern the speed accurately. Because of their fixed gain values, high peak overshoot and high settling time the conventional PI controllers are inadequate to control this motor accurately. In this paper, to resolve the complications coupled with the typical PI, Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) is intended to eradicate the overshoot and to produce fast speed response of motor. The mathematical modeling of BLDCM along with the controller has been deduced for a 10 kW BLDC motor. The simulations are done in Matlab/Simulink environment for validating characteristics of FLC.

Bapayya Naidu Kommula

Papers

Direct instantaneous torque control of Brushless DC motor using firefly Algorithm based fractional order PID controller

Diminishing Energy Consumption Cost and Optimal Energy Management of Photovoltaic Aided Electric Vehicle (PV-EV) By GFO-VITG Approach

An efficient integration and control approach to increase the conversion efficiency of high-current low-voltage DC/DC converter

Performance evaluation of Hybrid Fuzzy PI speed controller for Brushless DC motor for Electric vehicle application

Mathematical modeling and fuzzy logic control of a brushless DC motor employed in automobile and industrial applications