This paper provides an overview of the Internet of Things (IoT) with emphasis on enabling technologies, protocols, and application issues. The IoT is enabled by the latest developments in RFID, smart sensors, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. The basic premise is to have smart sensors collaborate directly without human involvement to deliver a new class of applications. The current revolution in Internet, mobile, and machine-to-machine (M2M) technologies can be seen as the first phase of the IoT. In the coming years, the IoT is expected to bridge diverse technologies to enable new applications by connecting physical objects together in support of intelligent decision making. This paper starts by providing a horizontal overview of the IoT. Then, we give an overview of some technical details that pertain to the IoT enabling technologies, protocols, and applications. Compared to other survey papers in the field, our objective is to provide a more thorough summary of the most relevant protocols and application issues to enable researchers and application developers to get up to speed quickly on how the different protocols fit together to deliver desired functionalities without having to go through RFCs and the standards specifications. We also provide an overview of some of the key IoT challenges presented in the recent literature and provide a summary of related research work. Moreover, we explore the relation between the IoT and other emerging technologies including big data analytics and cloud and fog computing. We also present the need for better horizontal integration among IoT services. Finally, we present detailed service use-cases to illustrate how the different protocols presented in the paper fit together to deliver desired IoT services.

Internet of Things: A Survey on Enabling Technologies, Protocols, and Applications

http://wpage.unina.it/valerio.persico/pubs/CloudIoT_FGCS.pdf

Integration of Cloud computing and Internet of Things

Despite the increasing usage of cloud computing, there are still issues unsolved due to inherent problems of cloud computing such as unreliable latency, lack of mobility support and location-awareness. Fog computing can address those problems by providing elastic resources and services to end users at the edge of network, while cloud computing are more about providing resources distributed in the core network. This survey discusses the definition of fog computing and similar concepts, introduces representative application scenarios, and identifies various aspects of issues we may encounter when designing and implementing fog computing systems. It also highlights some opportunities and challenges, as direction of potential future work, in related techniques that need to be considered in the context of fog computing.

https://www.cs.wm.edu/~liqun/paper/mobidata15-fog.pdf

A Survey of Fog Computing: Concepts, Applications and Issues

Fog Computing is a paradigm that extends Cloud computing and services to the edge of the network Similar to Cloud, Fog provides data, compute, storage, and application services to end-users In this article, we elaborate the motivation and advantages of Fog computing, and analyse its applications in a series of real scenarios, such as Smart Grid, smart traffic lights in vehicular networks and software defined networks We discuss the state-of-the-art of Fog computing and similar work under the same umbrella Security and privacy issues are further disclosed according to current Fog computing paradigm As an example, we study a typical attack, man-in-the-middle attack, for the discussion of security in Fog computing We investigate the stealthy features of this attack by examining its CPU and memory consumption on Fog device

https://annals-csis.org/Volume_2/pliks/503.pdf

The Fog computing paradigm: Scenarios and security issues

The Internet of Things (IoT) could enable innovations that enhance the quality of life, but it generates unprecedented amounts of data that are difficult for traditional systems, the cloud, and even edge computing to handle. Fog computing is designed to overcome these limitations.

Fog Computing: Helping the Internet of Things Realize Its Potential

This paper considers current paradigms in computing and outlines the most important aspects concerning their reliability. The Fog computing paradigm as a non-trivial extension of the Cloud is considered and the reliability of the networks of smart devices are discussed. Combining the reliability requirements of grid and cloud paradigms with the reliability requirements of networks of sensor and actuators it follows that designing a reliable Fog computing platform is feasible.

Reliability in the utility computing era: Towards reliable Fog computing

Serum antioxidant vitamins A (retinol) and E (alpha-tocopherol), beta-carotene, zinc and selenium for 418 children with newly diagnosed malignancy were compared with those of 632 cancer-free controls. Incident cancer cases and controls were 1-16 years old and recruited in 1986-1989. Age- and sex-adjusted serum concentrations of retinol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol were significantly inversely associated with cancer. In similar models, the odds ratio (OR) comparing the highest with the lowest quintile was 2.06 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40-3.02) for retinol, 3.87 (95% CI: 2.54-5.90) for beta-carotene, 2.15 (95% CI: 1.48-3.10) for alpha-tocopherol, 1.29 (95% CI: 0.75-2.23) for selenium, and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.17-2.23) for zinc. The cancer sites that were associated with serum beta-carotene were, in general, leukaemia, lymphoma, central nervous system, bone and renal tumours. Moreover, leukaemia was associated with low mean serum levels of retinol, selenium and zinc. Subjects with lymphoma, bone and renal tumours also had lower mean retinol and alpha-tocopherol levels than controls. Brain tumour patients had low vitamin E levels. Low serum values of antioxidant vitamins were associated with childhood neoplasm occurrence. Some site-specific effect was reported. Low peripheral nutrient levels are not considered as cancer promoters but rather as an impairment of the body's defence mechanism occurring during the cancer-related metabolic and nutritional disturbances and inflammation processes.

Serum Beta-Carotene and Antioxidant Micronutrients in Children with Cancer

Serum antioxidant vitamins A (retinol) and E (α-tocopherol), β-carotene, zinc, and selenium, and cholesterol and related proteins for 170 children with newly diagnosed malignancy were measured at diagnosis and 6 months after initiation of treatment, and compared with those of 632 cancer-free controls. Incident cancer cases and controls were 1–16 years old and recruited between 1986 and 1989. At diagnosis, age- and sex-adjusted serum concentrations of retinol, β-carotene, zinc, and α-tocopherol were significantly inversely associated with cancer. No significant decreases in mean values were observed at 6 months, except for the α-tocopherol–to–cholesterol ratio in patients with bone tumors and serum zinc in bone tumors and central nervous system malignancies. An increase during the period of treatment was found for retinol and selenium in leukemia patients. β-carotene was maintained at the initial concentrations determined prior to therapy. These findings provide further information about micronutrient requirements in children with cancer. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 29:213–217, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Antioxidant micronutrients and childhood malignancy during oncological treatment.

Age — and sex — specific reference intervals derived from a healthy pediatric population are presented for zinc, selenium and related analytes in serum No strong correlations were found between age, sex and trace elements in serum Serum variables were discussed to assess their ability as biochemical indicators of micronutrient status in the field of biological epidemiology

Reference values for serum zinc and selenium of French healthy children

Age- and sex-specific reference intervals of data derived from a healthy paediatric population are presented for retinol, beta-carotene, alpha-tocopherol, cholesterol and related proteins in serum. Age was an important covariate for the micronutrient concentration values. Retinol was highly correlated with alpha-tocopherol and cholesterol. Strong correlation was found with both beta-carotene and cholesterol. Serum levels were considered for their appropriateness as indicators of micronutrient status.

Bernard Burtschy

Papers

Reliability in the utility computing era: Towards reliable Fog computing

Serum Beta-Carotene and Antioxidant Micronutrients in Children with Cancer

Antioxidant micronutrients and childhood malignancy during oncological treatment.

Reference values for serum zinc and selenium of French healthy children

Serum Retinol, β-Carotene, α-Tocopherol and Cholesterol in Healthy French Children