A review of the biomaterials technologies for infection-resistant surfaces.

http://www.biofilling.com/article/7_2Mineral.pdf

Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Comprehensive Literature Review—Part III: Clinical Applications, Drawbacks, and Mechanism of Action

https://www.rpcendo.com/vItPfwcx/PDF3.pdf

Enterococcus faecalis: Its Role in Root Canal Treatment Failure and Current Concepts in Retreatment

http://www.endoexperience.com/documents/PhysicochemicalBasisoftheBiologicPropertiesofMineralTrioxideAggregate.pdf

Physicochemical basis of the biologic properties of mineral trioxide aggregate.

Ng Y-L, Mann V, Gulabivala K. A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment: part 1: periapical health. International Endodontic Journal. Aim To investigate the probability of and factors influencing periapical status of teeth following primary (1! RCTx) or secondary (2! RCTx) root canal treatment. Methodology This prospective study involved annual clinical and radiographic follow-up of 1! RCTx (1170 roots, 702 teeth and 534 patients) or 2! RCTx (1314 roots, 750 teeth and 559 patients) carried out by Endodontic postgraduate students for 2‐4 (50%) years. Pre-, intra- and postoperative data were collected prospectively on customized forms. The proportion of roots with complete periapical healing was estimated, and prognostic factors were investigated using multiple logistic regression models. Clustering effects within patients were adjusted in all models using robust standard error. Results The proportion of roots with complete periapical healing after 1! RCTx (83%; 95% CI: 81%, 85%) or 2! RCTx (80%; 95% CI: 78%, 82%) were similar. Eleven prognostic factors were identified. The conditions that were found to improve periapical healing significantly were: the preoperative absence of a periapical lesion (P = 0.003); in presence of a periapical lesion, the smaller its size (P £ 0.001), the better the treatment prognosis; the absence of a preoperative sinus tract (P = 0.001); achievement of patency at the canal terminus (P = 0.001); extension of canal cleaning as close as possible to its apical terminus (P = 0.001); the use of ethylene-diaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) solution as a penultimate wash followed by final rinse with NaOCl solution in 2! RCTx cases (P = 0.002); abstaining from using 2% chlorexidine as an adjunct irrigant to NaOCl solution (P = 0.01); absence of tooth/root perforation (P = 0.06); absence of interappointment flare-up (pain or swelling) (P = 0.002); absence of root-filling extrusion (P £ 0.001); and presence of a satisfactory coronal restoration (P £ 0.001). Conclusions Success based on periapical health associated with roots following 1! RCTx (83%) or 2! RCTx (80%) was similar, with 10 factors having a common effect on both, whilst the 11th factor ‘EDTA as an additional irrigant’ had different effects on the two treatments.

https://www.endoexperience.com/documents/Aprospectivestudyofthefactorsaffectingoutcomesofnonsurgicalrootcanaltreatment-part1-periapic.pdf

A prospective study of the factors affecting outcomes of nonsurgical root canal treatment: part 1: periapical health.

Interaction between Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine Gluconate

Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the substantive antimicrobial activity of different medicaments in human root dentin. Study Design. Canals of 98 roots were enlarged to standard size and medicated for 7 days with the following: (1) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, (2) 0.2% CHX gel, (3) 2% CHX solution, (4) Ca(OH) 2 , (5) Ca(OH) 2 + 0.2% CHX gel, (6) 2% CHX solution + a 25% CHX-containing controlled-release device, (7) saline, and (8) gel vehicle. After medication, canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. Dentin samples were collected with Gates-Glidden burs into brain heart infusion broth, and bacterial growth was assessed with spectrophotometric analysis of optical density after 72 hours of incubation. Results. Mean optical densities were significantly lower for groups with 2% CHX (1, 3, and 6) when compared with those of the controls ( P Conclusions. Canal dressing for 1 week with 2% CHX may provide residual antimicrobial activity against E faecalis . (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:240-5)

/pdf/substantive-antimicrobial-activity-in-chlorhexidine-treated-nkih16dumy.pdf

Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin.

Objective We sought to assess the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Study design The effect of CHX (0.2% and 2% in gel or solution) and Ca(OH) 2 (alone or with 0.2% CHX gel) was evaluated by using the agar diffusion test and an in vitro human root inoculation method, to measure zone of inhibition or bacterial growth with optical density analysis, respectively. For optical density analysis, samples from infected root canals were collected after 7 days of medication and were cultured for 24 hours in brain-heart infusion to detect viable bacteria. Results In the agar diffusion test, CHX was effective against E faecalis in a concentration-dependent fashion, but Ca(OH) 2 alone had no effect. In the root canal inoculation test, CHX was significantly more effective against E faecalis than Ca(OH) 2 was ( P Conclusions CHX is effective against E faecalis in vitro. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the value of CHX in clinical treatment.

Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide–containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro

http://www.endoexperience.com/filecabinet/Clinical%20Endodontics/Toronto%20Study/Treatment%20Outcomes.Toronto%20Study2.pdf

CLINICAL RESEARCH Treatment Outcome in Endodontics: The Toronto Study. Phases I and II: Orthograde Retreatment

Successful root canal therapy depends on thorough debridement of pulpal tissue, dentin debris, and infective microorganisms. Currently, it is impossible to predictably eradicate intraradicular infection with mechanical instrumentation alone. Therefore, irrigants are required to be used as an important addition in the disinfection process. This chapter analyzes the main irrigating solutions used during the endodontic treatment and their actions and interactions among them. Explanation of their mechanism of action and effect on dentin structure and on biofilm is also described. A clinical protocol is proposed at the end of the chapter.

Bettina Basrani

Papers

Interaction between Sodium Hypochlorite and Chlorhexidine Gluconate

Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin.

Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide–containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro

CLINICAL RESEARCH Treatment Outcome in Endodontics: The Toronto Study. Phases I and II: Orthograde Retreatment

Update on endodontic irrigating solutions