Resena de la obra de Don A. Dillman, Jolene D. Smyth y Leah Melani Christian: Internet, Phone, Mail and Mixed-Mode Surveys. The Tailored Design Method. New Jersey: John Wiley and Sons

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/7287796.pdf

Internet, phone, mail and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method: reseña

Motivational Interviewing: Preparing People for Change

Oral diseases: a global public health challenge

This evidence-based clinical practice guideline is a revision of the 2004 acute otitis media (AOM) guideline from the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) and American Academy of Family Physicians. It provides recommendations to primary care clinicians for the management of children from 6 months through 12 years of age with uncomplicated AOM. In 2009, the AAP convened a committee composed of primary care physicians and experts in the fields of pediatrics, family practice, otolaryngology, epidemiology, infectious disease, emergency medicine, and guideline methodology. The subcommittee partnered with the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality and the Southern California Evidence-Based Practice Center to develop a comprehensive review of the new literature related to AOM since the initial evidence report of 2000. The resulting evidence report and other sources of data were used to formulate the practice guideline recommendations. The focus of this practice guideline is the appropriate diagnosis and initial treatment of a child presenting with AOM. The guideline provides a specific, stringent definition of AOM. It addresses pain management, initial observation versus antibiotic treatment, appropriate choices of antibiotic agents, and preventive measures. It also addresses recurrent AOM, which was not included in the 2004 guideline. Decisions were made on the basis of a systematic grading of the quality of evidence and benefit-harm relationships. The practice guideline underwent comprehensive peer review before formal approval by the AAP. This clinical practice guideline is not intended as a sole source of guidance in the management of children with AOM. Rather, it is intended to assist primary care clinicians by providing a framework for clinical decision-making. It is not intended to replace clinical judgment or establish a protocol for all children with this condition. These recommendations may not provide the only appropriate approach to the management of this problem.

/pdf/the-diagnosis-and-management-of-acute-otitis-media-19nbk33eyw.pdf

The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Otitis Media

A set of related medical disorders that lack a proper classification system and diagnostic criteria is like a society without laws. The result is incoherence at best, chaos at worst. For this reason, the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD) is arguably the single most important breakthrough in headache medicine over the last 50 years. The ICHD identifies and categorizes more than a hundred different kinds of headache in a logical, hierarchal system. Even more important, it has provided explicit diagnostic criteria for all of the headache disorders listed. The ICHD quickly became universally accepted, and criticism of the classification has been minor relative to that directed at other disease classification systems. Over the 20 years following publication of the first edition of the ICHD, headache research has rapidly accelerated despite sparse allocation of resources to that effort. In summary, the ICHD has attained widespread acceptance at the international level and has substantially facilitated both clinical research and clinical care in the field of headache medicine.

International Classification of Headache Disorders

http://www.torinomedica.com/allegati/toronto-study.pdf

Treatment outcome in endodontics: the Toronto Study. Phase 1: initial treatment.

–Objectives: This paper compares the performance of the GOHAI and the OHIP-14 as measures of the oral health-related quality of life of the compromised elderly. Methods: Data were obtained from a cross-sectional survey of 225 participants, most of whom lived in a large geriatric care centre. Results: The mean age of subjects was 83 years and the majority had one or more chronic medical conditions and physical disabilities. Their main oral problems were high rates of tooth loss and xerostomia. Additive and simple count methods were used to derive GOHAI and OHIP-14 scores. Using the additive method, 8.4% had a

GOHAI score of zero and 30.3% an OHIP-14 score of zero. Using the simple count method the percentage with a score of zero was 15.1% and 45.8%. Both measures discriminated between dentate subjects with and without one or more dentures, with and without a chewing problem and with and without dry mouth. Both also showed significant associations with self-rated oral health and satisfaction with oral health status. Associations tended to be stronger between GOHAI scores and these variables. The measures were equally good at predicting overall psychological well-being and life satisfaction. Although the GOHAI identified more oral functional and psychosocial impacts than the OHIP-14, neither was markedly superior to the other when used as discriminatory measures. However, the high prevalence of subjects with zero scores may compromise the ability of the OHIP-14 to detect within-subject change.

Comparison of the GOHAI and OHIP-14 as measures of the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly.

Because of interest in the link between oral and general health, clinicians are increasingly using salivary analyses to diagnose systemic disease and to monitor general health. The reason for this interest lies in the ability of new diagnostic tools, such as sensitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, as well as other technologies, to distinguish a range of salivary components that are biomarkers for changes in the body’s health. The noninvasive nature of salivary testing has made it an attractive and effective alternative to blood and urine testing, and home testing kits have made it possible for people to monitor their own health using this diagnostic medium. This paper explores what saliva can reveal about general health, drawing examples from recent research on salivary biomarkers of systemic illness and highlighting the current use, and potential clinical and research applications, of diagnostics based on oral fluids.

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Salivary markers of systemic disease: noninvasive diagnosis of disease and monitoring of general health.

Objective. The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the substantive antimicrobial activity of different medicaments in human root dentin. Study Design. Canals of 98 roots were enlarged to standard size and medicated for 7 days with the following: (1) 2% chlorhexidine (CHX) gel, (2) 0.2% CHX gel, (3) 2% CHX solution, (4) Ca(OH) 2 , (5) Ca(OH) 2 + 0.2% CHX gel, (6) 2% CHX solution + a 25% CHX-containing controlled-release device, (7) saline, and (8) gel vehicle. After medication, canals were inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis for 21 days. Dentin samples were collected with Gates-Glidden burs into brain heart infusion broth, and bacterial growth was assessed with spectrophotometric analysis of optical density after 72 hours of incubation. Results. Mean optical densities were significantly lower for groups with 2% CHX (1, 3, and 6) when compared with those of the controls ( P Conclusions. Canal dressing for 1 week with 2% CHX may provide residual antimicrobial activity against E faecalis . (Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2002;94:240-5)

/pdf/substantive-antimicrobial-activity-in-chlorhexidine-treated-nkih16dumy.pdf

Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin.

Objective We sought to assess the efficacy of chlorhexidine (CHX) and calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH) 2 , against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro. Study design The effect of CHX (0.2% and 2% in gel or solution) and Ca(OH) 2 (alone or with 0.2% CHX gel) was evaluated by using the agar diffusion test and an in vitro human root inoculation method, to measure zone of inhibition or bacterial growth with optical density analysis, respectively. For optical density analysis, samples from infected root canals were collected after 7 days of medication and were cultured for 24 hours in brain-heart infusion to detect viable bacteria. Results In the agar diffusion test, CHX was effective against E faecalis in a concentration-dependent fashion, but Ca(OH) 2 alone had no effect. In the root canal inoculation test, CHX was significantly more effective against E faecalis than Ca(OH) 2 was ( P Conclusions CHX is effective against E faecalis in vitro. Further in vivo studies are needed to confirm the value of CHX in clinical treatment.

Herenia P. Lawrence

Papers

Treatment outcome in endodontics: the Toronto Study. Phase 1: initial treatment.

Comparison of the GOHAI and OHIP-14 as measures of the oral health-related quality of life of the elderly.

Salivary markers of systemic disease: noninvasive diagnosis of disease and monitoring of general health.

Substantive antimicrobial activity in chlorhexidine-treated human root dentin.

Efficacy of chlorhexidine- and calcium hydroxide–containing medicaments against Enterococcus faecalis in vitro