Polymer nanoparticles: Preparation techniques and size-control parameters

The gas sensors fabricated by using conducting polymers such as polyaniline (PAni), polypyrrole (PPy) and poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) as the active layers have been reviewed. This review discusses the sensing mechanism and configurations of the sensors. The factors that affect the performances of the gas sensors are also addressed. The disadvantages of the sensors and a brief prospect in this research field are discussed at the end of the review.

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Gas Sensors Based on Conducting Polymers

Molecular imprinting science and technology: a survey of the literature for the years up to and including 2003

Quartz crystal microbalance: a useful tool for studying thin polymer films and complex biomolecular systems at the solution-surface interface.

2.2. Cathodic Electropolymerization 4732 2.2.1. Electropolymerization of PPXs and PPVs 4732 3. Charging-Discharging of Conducting Polymers 4733 3.1. Redox Properties of Oligomers and Polymers 4733 3.2. Specific Phenomena of n-Doping 4739 3.3. Conductivity in Charged Systems 4740 4. Controlling the Electropolymerization Process 4742 4.1. Influence of the Polymerization Technique 4742 4.2. Influence of Experimental Conditions 4743 4.3. Electropolymerization in Novel Electrolytic Media 4745

Electrochemistry of Conducting Polymers—Persistent Models and New Concepts†

Overoxidized polypyrrole films templated with l-glutamate have been utilized for enantioselective detection of l- and d-glutamic acid. Various important fabrication factors controlling the performance of the overoxidized polypyrrole films have been investigated using fluorescence spectrometry in conjugation with the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance technique. The measured fluorescence intensity was related to the concentration of glutamate taken up into the films. It was found that l-glutamate was inserted ∼30 times higher into the film than d-glutamate. Several key parameters such as applied potential and pH of amino acid solution were varied to achieve the optimum sensor response. The sensor templated with l-glutamic acid also exhibited excellent selectivity over several other l- and d-amino acids. Higher enantioselectivity of overoxidized polypyrrole film than that for previously reported imprinted polymers can be attributed to the potential-induced uptake/release of targeted molecules.

Potential-Induced Enantioselective Uptake of Amino Acid into Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole

1. Introduction. 1.1 Conducting Polymers. 1.2 What Are Self-doped Conducting Polymers? 1.3 Types of Self-doped Polymers. 1.4 Doping Mechanism in Self-doped Polymers. 1.5 Effect of Substituents on Properties of Polymer. 1.6 Applications of Self-doped Polymers. References. 2. Self-doped Derivatives of Polyaniline. 2.0 Introduction. 2.1 Chemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.2 Electrochemical Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.3 Enzymatic Synthesis of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.4 Properties of Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 2.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Carboxyl Acid Derivatives. 2.6 Synthesis and Characterization of Phosphonic Acid Derivatives. 2.7 Self-doped Polyaniline Nanostructures. References. 3. Boronic acid Substituted Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 Synthesis. 3.3 Properties of Self-doped PABA. 3.4 Self-Cross-Linked Self-doped Polyaniline. 3.5 Applications. References. 4. Self-doped Polythiophenes. 4.1 Sulfonic Acid Derivatives. 4.2 Carboxylate Derivatives. 4.3 Phosphanate Derivatives. References. 5. Miscellaneous Self-doped Polymers. 5.1 Self-doped Sulfonated Polypyrrole. 5.2 Carboxyl Acid Derivative. 5.3 Self-doped Poly(3,6-carbaz-9-yl)propanesulfonate. 5.4 Self-doped Poly(p-phenylenes). 5.5Self-doped Polyphenylenevinylene. 5.6 Self-doped Poly(indole-5-carboxylic acid). 5.7 Self-doped Ionically Conducting Polymers. References.

Self-Doped Conducting Polymers

A porous conducting polymer/heteropolyoxometalate hybrid material that displays high specific capacitance and low ionic resistance has been prepared for electrochemical supercapacitor applications. Polypyrrole/phosphomolybdate composite films were chemically synthesized in tetrahydrofuran in the presence of sodium sulfate, which acts as a porogen. While the phosphomolydic acid could be removed from the film upon rinsing with pure tetrahydrofuran or acetone, rinsing with water or methanol resulted in retention of the heteropolyoxometalate at a level high enough to easily observe its electrochemistry. The retained phosphomolybdate exhibits fast and reversible redox behavior, adding a significant amount of pseudocapacitance to the polymer. Porous films were obtained by leaching out the sodium sulfate porogen from the films using water. The morphology obtained using this method is altered by varying the monomer-to-porogen ratio. Increasing the porosity increases the rate at which the hybrid material can be ch...

Porous conducting polymer/heteropolyoxometalate hybrid material for electrochemical supercapacitor applications.

A novel strategy for the synthesis of a substituted polyaniline that can be switched between a self-doped and non-self-doped state is presented. The approach uses the complexation between boronic acid-substituted aniline, a diol (d-fructose), and fluoride to generate an anionic monomer. Under these conditions, chemical polymerization results in a self-doped, water-soluble, conducting polyaniline under neutral aqueous conditions. The self-doped polymer can be simply and reversibly converted to an insoluble non-self-doped form by reducing the concentration of fluoride. Characteristics of the polymerization reaction and the resulting polymer are discussed.

A switchable self-doped polyaniline: interconversion between self-doped and non-self-doped forms.

A silver molecular ink platform formulated for screen, inkjet, and aerosol jet printing is presented. A simple formulation comprising silver neodecanoate, ethyl cellulose, and solvent provides improved performance versus that of established inks, yet with improved economics. Thin, screen-printed traces with exceptional electrical (<10 mΩ/□/mil or 12 μΩ·cm) and mechanical properties are achieved following thermal or photonic sintering, the latter having never been demonstrated for silver-salt-based inks. Low surface roughness, submicron thicknesses, and line widths as narrow as 41 μm outperform commercial ink benchmarks based on flakes or nanoparticles. These traces are mechanically robust to flexing and creasing (less than 10% change in resistance) and bind strongly to epoxy-based adhesives. Thin traces are remarkably conformal, enabling fully printed metal–insulator–metal band-pass filters. The versatility of the molecular ink platform enables an aerosol jet-compatible ink that yields conductive features...

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Bhavana A. Deore

Papers

Potential-Induced Enantioselective Uptake of Amino Acid into Molecularly Imprinted Overoxidized Polypyrrole

Self-Doped Conducting Polymers

Porous conducting polymer/heteropolyoxometalate hybrid material for electrochemical supercapacitor applications.

A switchable self-doped polyaniline: interconversion between self-doped and non-self-doped forms.

Versatile Molecular Silver Ink Platform for Printed Flexible Electronics