1. Scope of Article and Previous Related Reviews 5346 2. Introduction 5346 2.1. Destruction 5347 2.2. Sensing 5347 2.3. Historical Context 5348 2.3.1. Brief History and Molecular Structure 5348 2.4. Related Compounds and Nomenclature 5348 2.4.1. Phosphorus(V) Parent Compounds and Fundamental Chemistry 5348 2.4.2. Pesticides 5349 2.4.3. Simulants 5349 2.4.4. Decomposition Products 5350 2.5. Toxicology 5351 2.5.1. Acetylcholine Esterase (AChE) Inhibition 5351 2.5.2. Endocannabinoid System Activation 5352 2.6. Critical Needs To Decontaminate and Detect 5353 2.7. Treaties and Conventions 5354 3. Stockpile Destruction 5355 3.1. Agent Storage 5355 3.2. Protection Protocols and Logistics 5355 3.3. Background 5355 3.4. Methods Currently Employed 5355 3.4.1. Incineration 5355 3.4.2. Neutralization by Base Hydrolysis 5356 4. Decomposition Reactions 5357 4.1. Hydrolysis 5357 4.2. Autocatalytic Hydrolysis or Hydrolysis Byproducts 5358 4.3. Use of Peroxide 5359 4.4. Oxidation with Bleach and Related Reagents 5360 4.5. Alkoxide as Nucleophile 5360 4.5.1. Basic Media 5360 4.5.2. Metal-Catalyzed Reactions 5361 4.5.3. Metal-Assisted Reactions 5363 4.5.4. Biotechnological Degradation 5363 4.5.5. Cyclodextrin-Assisted Reactions 5370 4.6. Halogen as the Nucleophile 5370 4.6.1. Use of BrOx 5370 4.6.2. Use of Other Halogens 5371 4.6.3. Use of Group 13 Chelates 5371 4.7. Surface Chemistry 5371 4.7.1. Bare Metals and Solid Nanoparticles 5371 4.7.2. Metal Oxides 5371 4.7.3. Representative Elements 5372 4.7.4. d-Block (Groups 4 10) 5373 4.7.5. Solid Metal Oxides of Group 3 and the Lanthanides 5375 4.7.6. Porous Silicon and Related Systems 5375 4.7.7. Zeolites 5375 4.7.8. Comparative IR Data 5375 4.8. Other Types of Systems 5375 5. Decontamination 5376 5.1. Overview: Ability to React with All Types of Agents, Ease of Application, and Compatibility with Treated Objects 5376 6. Agent Fate and Disposal 5378 6.1. Indoor 5378 6.2. Concrete and Construction Surfaces 5378 6.3. Landfills 5379 7. Sensing and Detection 5379 7.1. Possible Metal Ion Binding Modes in Solution 5379 7.1.1. Early Reports of Phosph(on)ate [R3PdO 3 3 3M nþ] Interactions (R= Alkyl, Alkoxyl) 5380 7.1.2. Coordination Chemistry of Downstream Non-P-Containing Products of Decomposition 5380 7.2. Colorimetric Detection 5381 7.3. Chemiluminescence: Fluorescence and Phosphorescence 5382 7.3.1. Lanthanide-Based Catalysts 5382 7.3.2. Organometallic-Based Sensors 5382 7.3.3. Organic Design 5382 7.3.4. Biologically-Based Luminescence Detection 5382 7.3.5. Polymer and Bead Supports 5382 7.4. Porous Silicon 5383 7.5. Carbon Nanotubes 5383

Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents

13C and 119Sn NMR spectra of di-n-butyltin(IV) compounds

Organotin(IV) complexes of amino acids and peptides

Yoon Jeong Jang,† Kibong Kim,† Olga G. Tsay,† David A. Atwood,‡ and David G. Churchill*,†,§ †Molecular Logic Gate Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, KAIST, Daejeon, 305-701, Republic of Korea ‡Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), 373-1 Guseong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305−701, Republic of Korea

Update 1 of: Destruction and detection of chemical warfare agents

The nature and types of lone-pair effects on nuclear spin coupling constants are reviewed in the context of a localized bond description of molecular electronic structure. Emphasis is placed on the importance of residual delocalization involving the otherwise lone-pair orbital, in terms of which the effect of an X lone-pair, when compared with an isoelectronic YH or XH+ group or with an XR group, and its orientational dependence can be interpreted. One-, two- and three-bond coupling constants are considered and the importance of lone-pair effects for configurational and conformational information is stressed and illustrated. They also serve for a better understanding of substituent inductive effects on coupling constants.



A large collection of illustrative examples are presented, with particular attention paid to couplings involving H, C, N, F and P nuclei, organized in a systematic manner into nine categories. The signs of the lone-pair effects on the reduced coupling constants are found to be independent of the actual nuclei under study in the same category. This is taken as an indication that the electron lone-pairs mainly affect the Fermi contact contribution to the coupling and, accordingly, an interpretation is given in terms of simple sum-over-states models. In addition, symmetry-based relationships are established involving the sign of lone-pair effects in coupling constants between nuclei which are a different number of bonds apart.

Effect of electron lone-pairs on nuclear spin–spin coupling constants

15N, 13C and 119Sn NMR and other spectroscopic studies of 8-quinolinol, its O- and N-methyl derivatives, and chelate di- and tri-organotin(IV) complexes

Bhim Sen Saraswat

Papers

15N, 13C and 119Sn NMR and other spectroscopic studies of 8-quinolinol, its O- and N-methyl derivatives, and chelate di- and tri-organotin(IV) complexes

Modes of coordination of 1,2-aminothiols in organotin(IV) complexes, as demonstrated by 119Sn, 15N and 13C NMR spectroscopy

Diorganotin(IV) bis(O,O-alkylenedithiophosphates)

Reactions of dialkyltin dichlorides with N-substituted salicylideneimines