抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

I have developed "tennis elbow" from lugging this book around the past four weeks, but it is worth the pain, the effort, and the aspirin. It is also worth the (relatively speaking) bargain price. Including appendixes, this book contains 894 pages of text. The entire panorama of the neural sciences is surveyed and examined, and it is comprehensive in its scope, from genomes to social behaviors. The editors explicitly state that the book is designed as "an introductory text for students of biology, behavior, and medicine," but it is hard to imagine any audience, interested in any fragment of neuroscience at any level of sophistication, that would not enjoy this book. The editors have done a masterful job of weaving together the biologic, the behavioral, and the clinical sciences into a single tapestry in which everyone from the molecular biologist to the practicing psychiatrist can find and appreciate his or

Principles of Neural Science

The locus coeruleus-noradrenergic system: modulation of behavioral state and state-dependent cognitive processes.

Principles and Practice of Sleep Medicine

This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness. Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Multiple interacting neurotransmitter systems in the brain stem, hypothalamus, and basal forebrain converge onto common effector systems in the thalamus and cortex. Sleep results from the inhibition of wake-promoting systems by homeostatic sleep factors such as adenosine and nitric oxide and GABAergic neurons in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus, resulting in large-amplitude, slow EEG oscillations. Local, activity-dependent factors modulate the amplitude and frequency of cortical slow oscillations. Non-rapid-eye-movement (NREM) sleep results in conservation of brain energy and facilitates memory consolidation through the modulation of synaptic weights. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep results from the interaction of brain stem cholinergic, aminergic, and GABAergic neurons which control the activity of glutamatergic reticular formation neurons leading to REM sleep phenomena such as muscle atonia, REMs, dreaming, and cortical activation. Strong activation of limbic regions during REM sleep suggests a role in regulation of emotion. Genetic studies suggest that brain mechanisms controlling waking and NREM sleep are strongly conserved throughout evolution, underscoring their enormous importance for brain function. Sleep disruption interferes with the normal restorative functions of NREM and REM sleep, resulting in disruptions of breathing and cardiovascular function, changes in emotional reactivity, and cognitive impairments in attention, memory, and decision making.

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Control of Sleep and Wakefulness

Eyelid Condition at Birth: Relationship to Adult Mammalian Sleep-waking Patterns, E Aserinsky Phylogeny and Evolution of Rapid Eye Movement (REM) Sleep, M G Frank Ontogenesis of REM Sleep, M Segawa Initiation of Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: Beyond the Brainstem, A R Morrison, L D Sanford, and R J Ross Muscle Atonia in REM Sleep, Y -Y Lai and J M Siegel PGO Wave Generation: Mechanism and Functional Significance, S Datta Norepinephrine and REM Sleep, P-H Luppi, D Gervasoni, C Peyron, C Rampon, B Barbagli, R Boissard, and P Fort New Directions for the Study of Cholinergic REM Sleep Generation: Specifying Pre- and Postsynaptic Mechanisms, M L Capece, H A Baghdoyan, and R Lydic Functional Role of Serotonin 5-HT1 and 5-HT2 Receptor in the Regulation of REM Sleep, J M Monti and D Monti Possible Role of GABA in the Regulation of REM Sleep with Special Reference to REM-OFF Neurons, B N Mallick, S Kaur, S K Jha, and J M Siegel Nitric Oxide: A Diffusible Modulator of Physiological Traits and Behavioral States, T O Leonard and R Lydic Neurotransmitters Changes and REM Sleep, T Kodama Spatio-Temporal Distribution of Neuronal Activities and REM Sleep, S Inoue, U K Saha, and T Musha Different Physiological Properties of Two Populations of PS-on Neurons in the Mesopontine Tegmentum, Y Koyama, Y Kayama, and K Sakai Hormones and REM Sleep, F Obal Jr and J M Krueger Endogenous Sleep Substances and REM Sleep, S Inoue, K Honda, M Kimura, and S-Q Zhang Brain Energy, Production, and Sleep Occurrence, R Cespuglio, H Faradji-Prevautel, and L Netchiporouk Rapid Eye Movement Sleep: From Cerebral Metabolism to Functional Brain Mapping, P Maquet and C Phillips REM Sleep and Apnea, D W Carley and M Radulovacki Thermoregulatory Control of the nonREM-REM Sleep Cycle, R Szymusiak, Md Noor Alam, and D McGinty REM Sleep Across Age and Sex, K Mishima, T Shimizu, and Y Hishikawa The Function of Fetal/Neonatal REM Sleep, M Mirmiran and Y G H Maas REM Sleep Deprivation Alters Factors Affecting Neuronal Excitability: Role of Norepinephrine and Its Possible Mechanism of Action, B N Mallick, H V A Adya, and s Thankachan REM Sleep Deprivation and Behavioral Changes, G W Vogel Cellular and Molecular Changes Occurring During REM Sleep, O Prospero-Garcia, L Navarro, E Murillo-Rodriguez, M Sanchez-Alavez, R Guzman-Marin, M Mendez-Diaz, M Gomez-Chavarin, A Jimenez-Anguiano, and R Drucker-Colin Intensity of REM Sleep, K Takahashi Why We Believe What We Believe About REM-Sleep Regulation, H Benington Hypothesis on REM Sleep from the Viewpoint of Neuronal Dynamics, M Nakao and M Yamamoto

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Changes in pontine unit activity with REM sleep deprivation.

Increased apoptosis in rat brain after rapid eye movement sleep loss

Interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in and around the locus coeruleus for the induction and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep in rats.

Different types of norepinephrinergic receptors are involved in preoptic area mediated independent modulation of sleep-wakefulness and body temperature

Birendra Nath Mallick

Papers

Rapid Eye Movement Sleep

Changes in pontine unit activity with REM sleep deprivation.

Increased apoptosis in rat brain after rapid eye movement sleep loss

Interactions between cholinergic and GABAergic neurotransmitters in and around the locus coeruleus for the induction and maintenance of rapid eye movement sleep in rats.

Different types of norepinephrinergic receptors are involved in preoptic area mediated independent modulation of sleep-wakefulness and body temperature