THE DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTS. By Oscar Kempthorne. New York, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1952. 631 pp. $8.50. This book by a teacher of statistics (as well as a consultant for \"experimenters\") is a comprehensive study of the philosophical background for the statistical design of experiment. It is necessary to have some facility with algebraic notation and manipulation to be able to use the volume intelligently. The problems are presented from the theoretical point of view, without such practical examples as would be helpful for those not acquainted with mathematics. The mathematical justification for the techniques is given. As a somewhat advanced treatment of the design and analysis of experiments, this volume will be interesting and helpful for many who approach statistics theoretically as well as practically. With emphasis on the \"why,\" and with description given broadly, the author relates the subject matter to the general theory of statistics and to the general problem of experimental inference. MARGARET J. ROBERTSON

The Design and Analysis of Experiments

Pattern recognition

Parallel control and management have been proposed as a new mechanism for conducting operations of complex systems, especially those that involved complexity issues of both engineering and social dimensions, such as transportation systems. This paper presents an overview of the background, concepts, basic methods, major issues, and current applications of Parallel transportation Management Systems (PtMS). In essence, parallel control and management is a data-driven approach for modeling, analysis, and decision-making that considers both the engineering and social complexity in its processes. The developments and applications described here clearly indicate that PtMS is effective for use in networked complex traffic systems and is closely related to emerging technologies in cloud computing, social computing, and cyberphysical-social systems. A description of PtMS system architectures, processes, and components, including OTSt, Dyna CAS, aDAPTS, iTOP, and TransWorld is presented and discussed. Finally, the experiments and examples of real-world applications are illustrated and analyzed.

Parallel Control and Management for Intelligent Transportation Systems: Concepts, Architectures, and Applications

The agent computing paradigm is rapidly emerging as one of the powerful technologies for the development of large-scale distributed systems to deal with the uncertainty in a dynamic environment. The domain of traffic and transportation systems is well suited for an agent-based approach because transportation systems are usually geographically distributed in dynamic changing environments. Our literature survey shows that the techniques and methods resulting from the field of agent and multiagent systems have been applied to many aspects of traffic and transportation systems, including modeling and simulation, dynamic routing and congestion management, and intelligent traffic control. This paper examines an agent-based approach and its applications in different modes of transportation, including roadway, railway, and air transportation. This paper also addresses some critical issues in developing agent-based traffic control and management systems, such as interoperability, flexibility, and extendibility. Finally, several future research directions toward the successful deployment of agent technology in traffic and transportation systems are discussed.

A Review of the Applications of Agent Technology in Traffic and Transportation Systems

Knocking combustion in spark-ignition engines

Extreme fast charging (XFC) for electric vehicles (EVs) has emerged recently because of the short charging period. However, the extreme high charging power of EVs at XFC stations may severely impact distribution networks. This paper addresses the estimation of the charging power demand of XFC stations and the design of multiple XFC stations with renewable energy resources in current distribution networks. First, a Monte Carlo (MC) simulation tool was created utilizing the EV arrival time and state-of-charge (SOC) distributions obtained from the dataset of vehicle travel surveys. Various impact factors are considered to obtain a realistic estimation of the charging power demand of XFC stations. Then, a method for determining the optimal energy capacity of the energy storage system (ESS), ESS rated power, and size of photovoltaic (PV) panels for multiple XFC stations in a distribution network is presented, with the goal of achieving an optimal configuration. The optimal power flow technique is applied to this optimization so that the optimal solutions meet not only the charging demand but also the operational constraints related to XFC, ESS, PV panels, and distribution networks. Simulation results of a use case indicate that the presented MC simulation can estimate approximate real-world XFC charging demand, and the optimized ESS and PV units in multiple XFC stations in the distribution network can reduce the annual total cost of XFC stations and improve the performance of the distribution network.

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Optimal Configuration of Extreme Fast Charging Stations Integrated with Energy Storage System and Photovoltaic Panels in Distribution Networks

A new version of a field-deployable real-time laser-based detection system has been developed using new techniques of electronics and optics. The laser-based non-intrusive detection system uses a laser line that is projected onto the ground as a probe. The reflected light is collected and focused into a photodiode array by an optical system. Vehicle presence is detected based on the absence of reflected laser light. By placing two identical laser/sensor pairs at a known distance apart, the speeds of both the front and rear of a vehicle are measured based on the times when each sensor is triggered. The length of each vehicle is determined by using these speed measurements and the residence time of the vehicle under each sensor. A new version field prototype of a detection system for real-time measurement of delineations of moving vehicles for highway testing has been developed based on our previous research on the laboratory prototype of the system. The new version utilizes new techniques in electronics, optics and software. The testing results show that the new system can obtain the accuracy of measurement necessary to distinguish moving vehicles on the highway. It is an important step to approach the final goal of this project, described in the last report as developing a roadway detection system that can be used to gather reliable travel time data non-intrusively. The new system quantitatively proved that the principle of measurement is feasible, instead of qualitatively as did the last version system. Several tests have been done with the field prototype system on the highway. The software for real-time data acquisition, data processing and graphical user interface has been developed in the Windows NT system with RTX real-time extension. In the software, the speed, acceleration, and length of a detected vehicle can be calculated and displayed simultaneously. This document describes the design and implementation of each functional component and software of the new field prototype system. The measurement and calculation of laser power has been performed to ensure that the system is safe to expose to the public during field tests and future operation on the highway.

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New Hardware and Software Design of a Field-Deployable Real-Time Laser-Based Non-Intrusive Detection System for Measurement of True Travel Time on the Highway

The Model Integration and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) Simulation Design for the Analysis of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Electrochemical Battery Model

This paper proposes a novel technique, known as the variable-height timing window (TW), for rejecting noise in an active source detection system. The basic principle of a TW and a methodology of using a microprocessor to dynamically adjust the height of the TW are presented. This variable-height TW technique has been applied to a laser-based detection system (LBDS) for detecting vehicle information on highways. Field-test results of the LBDS showed that the adaptive nature of the proposed TW approach can effectively reject various types of noise under different environmental conditions. This variable-height TW technique can also be used to remove out-of-window noise and suppress the effect of in-window noise in various field environments in which the signal/noise (S/N) ratio is variable.

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Bo Chen

Papers

Optimal Configuration of Extreme Fast Charging Stations Integrated with Energy Storage System and Photovoltaic Panels in Distribution Networks

New Hardware and Software Design of a Field-Deployable Real-Time Laser-Based Non-Intrusive Detection System for Measurement of True Travel Time on the Highway

The Model Integration and Hardware-in-the-Loop (HiL) Simulation Design for the Analysis of a Power-Split Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Electrochemical Battery Model

Noise rejection using variable-height timing-window technique for pulse signals with variable S/N ratio

Integration of OpenADR with Node-RED for Demand Response Load Control Using Internet of Things Approach