Energy storage systems (ESSs) are enabling technologies for well-established and new applications such as power peak shaving, electric vehicles, integration of renewable energies, etc. This paper presents a review of ESSs for transport and grid applications, covering several aspects as the storage technology, the main applications, and the power converters used to operate some of the energy storage technologies. Special attention is given to the different applications, providing a deep description of the system and addressing the most suitable storage technology. The main objective of this paper is to introduce the subject and to give an updated reference to nonspecialist, academic, and engineers in the field of power electronics.

Energy Storage Systems for Transport and Grid Applications

The issues of global warming and depletion of fossil fuels have paved opportunities to electric vehicle (EV). Moreover, the rapid development of power electronics technologies has even realized high energy-efficient vehicles. EV could be the alternative to decrease the global green house gases emission as the energy consumption in the world transportation is high. However, EV faces huge challenges in battery cost since one-third of the EV cost lies on battery. This paper reviews state-of-the-art of the energy sources, storage devices, power converters, low-level control energy management strategies and high supervisor control algorithms used in EV. The comparison on advantages and disadvantages of vehicle technology is highlighted. In addition, the standards and patterns of drive cycles for EV are also outlined. The advancement of power electronics and power processors has enabled sophisticated controls (low-level and high supervisory algorithms) to be implemented in EV to achieve optimum performance as well as the realization of fast-charging stations. The rapid growth of EV has led to the integration of alternative resources to the utility grid and hence smart grid control plays an important role in managing the demand. The awareness of environmental issue and fuel crisis has brought up the sales of EV worldwide.

A review of energy sources and energy management system in electric vehicles

Today, conventional power systems are evolving to modern smart grids, where interconnected microgrids may dominate the distribution system with high penetration of renewable energy and energy storage systems. The hybrid ac/dc systems with dc and ac sources/loads are considered to be the most possible future distribution or even transmission structures. For such hybrid ac/dc microgrids, power management strategies are one of the most critical operation aspects. This paper presents an overview of power management strategies for a hybrid ac/dc microgrid system, which includes different system structures (ac-coupled, dc-coupled, and ac–dc-coupled hybrid microgrids), different operation modes, a thorough study of various power management and control schemes in both steady state and transient conditions, and examples of power management and control strategies. Finally, discussion and recommendations of power management strategies for the further research are presented.

Overview of Power Management Strategies of Hybrid AC/DC Microgrid

There are numbers of alternative energy resources being studied for hybrid vehicles as preparation to replace the exhausted supply of petroleum worldwide. The use of fossil fuel in the vehicles is a rising concern due to its harmful environmental effects. Among other sources battery, fuel cell (FC), super capacitors (SC) and photovoltaic cell i.e. solar are studied for vehicle application. Combinations of these sources of renewable energies can be applied for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) for next generation of transportation. Various aspects and techniques of HEV from energy management system (EMS), power conditioning and propulsion system are explored in this paper. Other related fields of HEV such as DC machine and vehicle system are also included. Various type models and algorithms derived from simulation and experiment are explained in details. The performances of the various combination of HEV system are summarized in the table along with relevant references. This paper provides comprehensive survey of hybrid electric vehicle on their source combination, models, energy management system (EMS) etc. developed by various researchers. From the rigorous review, it is observed that the existing technologies more or less can capable to perform HEV well; however, the reliability and the intelligent systems are still not up to the mark. Accordingly, this review have been lighted many factors, challenges and problems sustainable next generation hybrid vehicle.

Hybrid electric vehicles and their challenges: A review

Renewable energy becomes a key contributor to our modern society, but their integration to power grid poses significant technical challenges. Power quality is an important aspect of renewable energy integration. The major power quality concerns are: 1) Voltage and frequency fluctuations, which are caused by noncontrollable variability of renewable energy resources. The intermittent nature of renewable energy resources due to ever-changing weather conditions leads to voltage and frequency fluctuations at the interconnected power grid. 2) Harmonics, which are introduced by power electronic devices utilized in renewable energy generation. When penetration level of renewable energy is high, the influence of harmonics could be significant. In this paper, an extensive literature review is conducted on emerging power quality challenges due to renewable energy integration. This paper consists of two sections: 1) Power quality problem definition. Wind turbines and solar photovoltaic systems and their power quality issues are summarized. 2) Existing approaches to improve power quality. Various methods are reviewed, and the control-technology-based power quality improvement is the major focus of this paper. The future research directions for emerging power quality challenges for renewable energy integration are recommended.

Emerging Power Quality Challenges Due to Integration of Renewable Energy Sources

This paper presents supercapacitor (SCAP) and battery modeling with an original energy management strategy in a hybrid storage technology. The studied dc power supply is composed of SCAPs and batteries. SCAPs are dimensioned for peak power requirement, and batteries provide the power in steady state. A bidirectional dc/dc converter is used between SCAPs and the dc bus. Batteries are directly connected to the dc bus. The originality of this study is focused on SCAP behavior modeling and energy management strategy. The proposed strategy is based on a polynomial (RST) controller. For reasons of cost and existing components (not optimized) such as batteries and semiconductors, the experimental test benches are designed in reduced scale. The characterized packs of SCAPs include two modules of ten cells in series for each one and present a maximum voltage of 27 V. The proposed strategy is implemented on a PIC18F4431 microcontroller for two dc/dc converter topology controls. Experimental and simulation results obtained from the polynomial control strategy are presented, analyzed, and compared with that of classical proportional-integral control.

DC/DC Converter Design for Supercapacitor and Battery Power Management in Hybrid Vehicle Applications—Polynomial Control Strategy

In this paper, the authors propose two modeling procedures for wind speed simulation. These procedures could be implemented on the structure of a wind turbine simulator during studies concerning stand-alone or hybrid wind systems. The evolution of a horizontal wind speed has been synthesized taking into account two components. The medium- and long-term component is described by a power spectrum associated to a specific site. The turbulence component is assumed to be dependent on the medium- and long-term wind speed evolution. It is considered as a nonstationary process. Two simulation methods for this component, using rational and nonrational filters are proposed. In both procedures, the turbulence model is defined by two parameters, which are either obtained experimentally, or adopted a priori, according to information from the considered site. Numerical results and implementation aspects are also discussed.

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

In this paper we propose two modeling procedures for wind speed simulation. These procedures could be implemented on the structure of a wind turbine simulator during studies concerning stand-alone or hybrid wind systems. The evolution of a horizontal wind speed has been synthesized taking into account two components. The medium- and long-term component is described by a power spectrum associated to a specific site. The turbulence component is assumed to be dependent on the medium- and long-term wind speed evolution. It is considered as a nonstationary process. Two simulation methods for this component, using rational and nonrational filters are proposed. In both procedures, the turbulence model is defined by two parameters, which are either obtained experimentally, or adopted a priori, according to information from the considered site. Numerical results and implementation aspects are also discussed.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/8949/28458/01270996.pdf

This paper presents the energy management for the decentralized generation systems (DGS) using the wind turbine with photovoltaic (PV) panels and the energy storage devices. For a high penetration level of the wind/PV generation, the energy storage device with a fast response is necessary to cover the shortfall or overflow of generation due to sudden variations of the wind or the sun. In addition, the requested energy by the residential appliances presents random behavior, which can be lower or higher than the produced energy from the renewable sources. Using the wind turbine and the PV power generation system with energy storage will reduce the fluctuations of the wind power and the load ones. The energy storage system requires capital investment; thus, it is important to estimate the reasonable storage capacities without an overflow size for the desired applications. In addition, a good strategy for energy management is necessary to reduce the variation impacts of the wind energy and the load for the battery and the residential appliances. The contribution of this paper is focused on energy management based on the frequency approach using the wind/load's fluctuating power sharing and the polynomial controllers. First, this method enables reducing for the battery and the microgrid the impacts of the microcycles due to the wind/load's power fluctuations. Second, it allows estimating the energy storage capacity without the overflow size. The performances of the proposed method are evaluated through some simulations and experimental tests using the summer load profile and the winter ones.

Energy Management in the Decentralized Generation Systems Based on Renewable Energy—Ultracapacitors and Battery to Compensate the Wind/Load Power Fluctuations

A quasi-three-dimensional (3-D) analytical model of the magnetic field in an axial flux permanent-magnet synchronous machine is presented. This model is derived from an exact two-dimensional analytical solution of the magnetic field extended to the 3-D case by a simple and effective radial dependence modeling of the magnetic field. The obtained quasi-3-D solution allows rapid parametric studies of the air-gap magnetic field. Then, analytical modeling of the cogging torque is presented. It is based on the obtained quasi-3-D analytical solution. Results issued from the proposed model in the air gap are compared with those stemming from a 3-D finite-element method simulation as well as with prototype measured values.

Brayima Dakyo

Papers

DC/DC Converter Design for Supercapacitor and Battery Power Management in Hybrid Vehicle Applications—Polynomial Control Strategy

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

Large band simulation of the wind speed for real time wind turbine simulators

Energy Management in the Decentralized Generation Systems Based on Renewable Energy—Ultracapacitors and Battery to Compensate the Wind/Load Power Fluctuations

Quasi-3-D analytical modeling of the magnetic field of an axial flux permanent-magnet synchronous machine