抗原变异可使得多种致病微生物易于逃避宿主免疫应答。表达在感染红细胞表面的恶性疟原虫红细胞表面蛋白1（PfPMP1）与感染红细胞、内皮细胞、树突状细胞以及胎盘的单个或多个受体作用，在黏附及免疫逃避中起关键的作用。每个单倍体基因组var基因家族编码约60种成员，通过启动转录不同的var基因变异体为抗原变异提供了分子基础。

疟原虫var基因转换速率变化导致抗原变异[英]／Paul H, Robert P, Christodoulou Z, et al//Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A

Meeting the Universe Halfway is an ambitious book with far-reaching implications for numerous fields in the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities. In this volume, Karen Barad, theoretical physicist and feminist theorist, elaborates her theory of agential realism. Offering an account of the world as a whole rather than as composed of separate natural and social realms, agential realism is at once a new epistemology, ontology, and ethics. The starting point for Barad’s analysis is the philosophical framework of quantum physicist Niels Bohr. Barad extends and partially revises Bohr’s philosophical views in light of current scholarship in physics, science studies, and the philosophy of science as well as feminist, poststructuralist, and other critical social theories. In the process, she significantly reworks understandings of space, time, matter, causality, agency, subjectivity, and objectivity.

In an agential realist account, the world is made of entanglements of “social” and “natural” agencies, where the distinction between the two emerges out of specific intra-actions. Intra-activity is an inexhaustible dynamism that configures and reconfigures relations of space-time-matter. In explaining intra-activity, Barad reveals questions about how nature and culture interact and change over time to be fundamentally misguided. And she reframes understanding of the nature of scientific and political practices and their “interrelationship.” Thus she pays particular attention to the responsible practice of science, and she emphasizes changes in the understanding of political practices, critically reworking Judith Butler’s influential theory of performativity. Finally, Barad uses agential realism to produce a new interpretation of quantum physics, demonstrating that agential realism is more than a means of reflecting on science; it can be used to actually do science.

Meeting the Universe Halfway: Quantum Physics and the Entanglement of Matter and Meaning

Bose-Einstein condensation (BEC) has been observed in a dilute gas of sodium atoms. A Bose-Einstein condensate consists of a macroscopic population of the ground state of the system, and is a coherent state of matter. In an ideal gas, this phase transition is purely quantum-statistical. The study of BEC in weakly interacting systems which can be controlled and observed with precision holds the promise of revealing new macroscopic quantum phenomena that can be understood from first principles.

Bose-Einstein condensation in a gas of sodium atoms

Feshbach resonances are the essential tool to control the interaction between atoms in ultracold quantum gases. They have found numerous experimental applications, opening up the way to important breakthroughs. This review broadly covers the phenomenon of Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases and their main applications. This includes the theoretical background and models for the description of Feshbach resonances, the experimental methods to find and characterize the resonances, a discussion of the main properties of resonances in various atomic species and mixed atomic species systems, and an overview of key experiments with atomic Bose-Einstein condensates, degenerate Fermi gases, and ultracold molecules.

Feshbach resonances in ultracold gases

It comes as something ofa surprise to reflect that the New York Review ofBooks is now over twenty years old. Even people of my generation (that is, old enough to remember the revolutionary 196os but not young enough to have taken a very exciting part in them) think of the paper as eternally youthful. In fact, it has gone through years of relatively quiet life, yet, as always in a competitive journalistic market, it is the controversies that attract the interest of the reader and to which the history (especially an admittedly impressionistic survey that tries to include something of the intellectual context in which a journal has operated) must give some attention. Not all the attacks which the New York Review has attracted, both early in its career and more recently, are worth more than a brief summary. What do we now make, for example, of Richard Kostelanetz's forthright accusation that 'The New York Review was from its origins destined to publicize Random House's (and especially [Jason] Epstein's) books and writers'?1 Well, simply that, even if the statistics bear out the charge (and Kostelanetz provides some suggestive evidence to support it, at least with respect to some early issues), there is nothing surprising in a market economy about a publisher trying to push his books through the pages of a journal edited by his friends. True, the New York Review has not had room to review more than around fifteen books in each issue and there could be a bias in the selection of

http://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3507774.pdf

The New York Review of Books

The anisotropic interaction of the electric field vector of intense laser radiation with the dipole moment induced in a polarizable molecule by the laser field creates aligned pendular states. These are directional superpositions of field-free states, corresponding to oblate spheroidal wave functions, with eigenenergies that decrease with increasing field strength. We present calculations demonstrating the utility of these states for both laser alignment and spatial trapping of molecules.

Alignment and trapping of molecules in intense laser fields.

Recent advances1,2,3,4,5 in the magnetic trapping and evaporative cooling of atoms to nanokelvin temperatures have opened important areas of research, such as Bose–Einstein condensation and ultracold atomic collisions. Similarly, the ability to trap and cool molecules should facilitate the study of ultracold molecular physics and collisions6; improvements in molecular spectroscopy could be anticipated. Also, ultracold molecules could aid the search for electric dipole moments of elementary particles7. But although laser cooling (in the case of alkali metals1,8,9) and cryogenic surface thermalization (in the case of hydrogen10,11) are currently used to cool some atoms sufficiently to permit their loading into magnetic traps, such techniques are not applicable to molecules, because of the latter's complex internal energy-level structure. (Indeed, most atoms have resisted trapping by these techniques.) We have reported a more general loading technique12 based on elastic collisions with a cold buffer gas, and have used it to trap atomic chromium and europium13,14. Here we apply this technique to magnetically trap a molecular species—calcium monohydride (CaH). We use Zeeman spectroscopy to determine the number of trapped molecules and their temperature, and set upper bounds on the cross-sectional areas of collisional relaxation processes. The technique should be applicable to many paramagnetic molecules and atoms.

Magnetic trapping of calcium monohydride molecules at millikelvin temperatures

COLD COLLISONS Theory of Cold Atomic and Molecular Collisions, J.M. Hutson Electric Dipoles at Ultralow Temperatures, J.L. Bohn Inelastic Collisions and Chemical Reactions of Molecules at Ultracold Temperatures, G. Quemener, N. Balakrishnan and A. Dalgarno Effects of External Electromagnetic Fields on Collisions of Molecules at Low Temperatures, T.V. Tscherbul and R.V. Krems PHOTOASSOCIATION Ultracold Molecule Formation by Photoassociation, W.C. Stwalley, P.L. Gould, and E.E. Eyler Molecular States Near a Collision Threshold, P.S. Julienne Prospects for Control of Ultracold Molecule Formation via Photoassociation with Chirped Laser Pulses, E. Luc-Koenig and F. Masnou-Seeuws Adiabatic Raman Photoassociation with Shaped Laser Pulses, E.A. Shapiro and M. Shapiro FEW- AND MANY-BODY PHYSICS Ultracold Feshbach Molecules, F. Ferlaino, S. Knoop, and R. Grimm Molecular Regimes in Ultracold Fermi Gases, D.S. Petrov, C. Salomon, and G.V. Shlyapnikov Theory of Ultracold Feshbach Molecules, T.M. Hanna, H. Martay and T. Kohler Condensed Matter Physics with Cold Polar Molecules, G. Pupillo, A. Micheli, H.P. Buchler, and P. Zoller COOLING AND TRAPPING Cooling, Trap Loading, and Beam Production Using a Cryogenic Helium Buffer Gas, W.C. Campbell and J.M. Doyle Slowing, Trapping, and Storing of Polar Molecules by Means of Electric Fields, S.Y.T. van de Meerakker, H.L. Bethlem, and G. Meijer TESTS OF FUNDAMENTAL LAWS Preparation and Manipulation of Molecules for Fundamental Physics Tests, M.R. Tarbutt, J.J. Hudson, B.E. Sauer, and E.A. Hinds Variation of the Fundamental Constants as Revealed by Molecules: Astrophysical Observations and Laboratory Experiments, V.V. Flambaum and M.G. Kozlov QUANTUM COMPUTING Quantum Information Processing with Ultracold Polar Molecules, S.F. Yelin, D. DeMille, and R. Cote COLD MOLECULAR IONS Sympathetically Cooled Molecular Ions: From Principles to First Applications, B. Roth and S. Schiller Index

Cold molecules: theory, experiment, applications

We give a snapshot of the rapidly developing field of ultracold polar molecules and walk the reader through the papers appearing in this Topical Issue.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1140%2Fepjd%2Fe2004-00151-x.pdf

Editorial: Quo vadis, cold molecules?

We give a snapshot of the rapidly developing field of ultracold polar molecules abd walk the reader through the papers appearing in this topical issue.

/pdf/quo-vadis-cold-molecules-editorial-review-3gcde8m211.pdf

Bretislav Friedrich

Papers

Alignment and trapping of molecules in intense laser fields.

Magnetic trapping of calcium monohydride molecules at millikelvin temperatures

Cold molecules: theory, experiment, applications

Editorial: Quo vadis, cold molecules?

Quo vadis, cold molecules? - Editorial review