Body mass in comparative primatology

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The Vegetation of Wisconsin: An Ordination of Plant Communities.

Palaeoecology and evolution of marine hard substrate communities

Reconstructing the transition to bipedality is key to understanding early hominin evolution. Because it is the best-known early hominin species, Australopithecus afarensis forms a baseline for interpreting locomotion in all early hominins. While most researchers agree that A. afarensis individuals were habitual bipeds, they disagree over the importance of arboreality for them. There are two main reasons for the disagreement. First, there are divergent perspectives on how to interpret primitive characters. Primitive traits may be retained by stabilizing selection, pleiotropy, or other ontogenetic mechanisms. Alternately, they could be in the process of being reduced, or they simply could be selectively neutral. Second, researchers are asking fundamentally different questions about the fossils. Some are interested in reconstructing the history of selection that shaped A. afarensis, while others are interested in reconstructing A. afarensis behavior. By explicitly outlining whether we are interested in reconstructing selective history or behavior, we can develop testable hypotheses to govern our investigations of the fossils. To infer the selective history that shaped a taxon, we must first consider character polarity. Derived traits that enhance a particular function, are found to be associated with that function in extant homologs, and that epigenetically sensitive data indicate were actually being used for that function, can be interpreted as adaptations. The null hypothesis to explain the retention of primitive traits is that of selective neutrality, or nonaptation. Disproving this requires demonstration of active stabilizing or negative selection (disaptation). Stabilizing selection can be inferred when primitive traits compromise a derived function clearly of adaptive value. Prolonged stasis, continued use of the trait for a particular function, or no change in variability in the trait are evidence that can support a hypothesis of adaptation for primitive traits, but still do not falsify the null hypothesis. Disaptation, or negative selection, should result in a trait being reduced or lost. To infer the behaviors of a fossil species, we must first determine its adaptations, use this to make hypotheses about its behavior, and test these hypotheses using epigenetically sensitive traits that are modified by an individual's activity pattern. When the A. afarensis data are evaluated using this framework, it is clear that these hominins had undergone selection for habitual bipedality, but the null hypothesis of nonaptation to explain the retention of primitive, ape-like characters cannot be falsified at present. The apparent stasis in Australopithecus postcranial form is currently the strongest evidence for stabilizing selection maintaining its primitive features. Evidence from features affected by individual behaviors during ontogeny shows that A. afarensis individuals were habitually traveling bipedally, but evidence presented for arboreal behavior so far is not conclusive. By clearly identifying the questions we are asking about early hominin fossils, refining our knowledge about character polarities, and elucidating the factors influencing morphology, we will be able to progress in our understanding of the posture and locomotion of A. afarensis and all early hominins.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/ajpa.10185

Interpreting the posture and locomotion of Australopithecus afarensis: Where do we stand?

/pdf/michigan-geology-a-bibliography-march-2016-oq8ytteisi.pdf

Michigan Geology: A Bibliography, March 2016

Morphometric analysis of lumbar vertebra UMP 67-28: Implications for spinal function and phylogeny of the Miocene Moroto hominoid

Stratocladistics combines morphological and stratigraphic data in a parsimony-based analysis of evolutionary relationships. We use stratocladistics here to provide an overview of the phylogeny of the extinct echinoderm class Blastoidea. Both cladistic and stratocladistic methods evaluate alternative phylogenies by comparing the number of ad hoc hypotheses needed to reconcile each alternative to observed data. Minimization of ad hoc hypotheses selects the phylogeny best supported by data and enables phylogenetic analyses to incorporate data from different sources. Cladistics treats ad hoc hypotheses of homoplasy, whereas stratocladistics addi- tionally considers ad hoc hypotheses of differential preservation probability of lineages in the stratigraphic record. The blastoid phylogeny derived using stratocladistics is more resolved than hypotheses selected by cladistics. Although the morpho- logical characters are relatively homoplasious, in this instance the stratigraphic ordering of fossils provides both structure and altered polarity for the stratocladistic hypothesis. The stratocladistic phylogeny supports previous paleontological conclusions of convergence among blastoid lineages and facilitates evaluation of specific hypotheses of character transformation that are integral to recent systematic revisions. Additionally, consideration of temporal data makes some hypotheses of ancestor-descendant relationships more parsimonious than hypotheses of derivation from a common ancestor. The ability to recognize sequential members within single lineages allows more accurate estimation of faunal diversities and more specific reconstruction of evolutionary histories. Chief among possible confounding factors in stratocladistics are instances where preservation potential shows significant geographic variation, although problems of pres- ervation are more tractable than the difficulties homoplasy presents for cladistic analysis.

Stratocladistic analysis of blastoid phylogeny

A hardground from the Upper Ordovician Dillsboro Formation near Dillsboro, Indiana, U.S.A., preserves an assemblage of encrusting and boring fossils on both top and bottom surfaces. The slab is inferred to have been an undercut ledge, and the dominant fossils of the assemblage, holdfasts of the tube-building worm Sphenothallus and trepostome bryozoans, are prevalent on both sides. The clumping of Sphenothallus holdfasts has been statistically demonstrated using a nearest-neighbor technique. Sphenothallus has also been shown to withstand overgrowth in interactions with bryozoans.

Paleoecology of Sphenothallus on an Upper Ordovician hardground

The role of extratropical cyclones in shaping dunes along southern and southeastern Lake Michigan

Most dunes along the 16, 000-km long shorelines of the Laurentian Great Lakes formed after lake levels fell from highs at 5 to 3.5 ka. Foredunes develop during decadal scale variations in lake levels, forming during low and eroding during high lake levels. More permanent foredune plain complexes, with parallel dune ridges separated by swales, form on constructional shores. Transgressive and transitional complexes containing inland-migrating blowouts, parabolic dunes, and dune ridges occur on shores with high onshore sand drift potential and abundant sand supply. Vegetation cover is highest and wind energy and aeolian transport lowest in summer. Vegetation die back and high wind energy accompanying the passage of extratropical cyclones cause an autumnal increase in aeolian activity. Activity decreases as shoreline ice and surface snow develop during the winter. In the spring, niveo-aeolian structures collapse, vegetation increases, and storminess decreases. Great Lakes dune complexes host many ecological communities, including open dune communities, mesic forests and interdunal wetlands. The 34 million people living near Great Lakes shorelines generate heavy anthropogenic pressure. Two national governments, a Canadian province and seven US states have jurisdiction over Great Lakes shorelines, complicating the regulation of coastal activities.

Brian E. Bodenbender

Papers

Morphometric analysis of lumbar vertebra UMP 67-28: Implications for spinal function and phylogeny of the Miocene Moroto hominoid

Stratocladistic analysis of blastoid phylogeny

Paleoecology of Sphenothallus on an Upper Ordovician hardground

The role of extratropical cyclones in shaping dunes along southern and southeastern Lake Michigan

Dunes of the Laurentian Great Lakes