Green synthesis of nanoparticles has many potential applications in environmental and biomedical fields. Green synthesis aims in particular at decreasing the usage of toxic chemicals. For instance, the use of biological materials such as plants is usually safe. Plants also contain reducing and capping agents. Here we present the principles of green chemistry, and we review plant-mediated synthesis of nanoparticles and their recent applications. Nanoparticles include gold, silver, copper, palladium, platinum, zinc oxide, and titanium dioxide.

Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: a review

Synthesis of metal nanoparticles using plant extracts is one of the most simple, convenient, economical, and environmentally friendly methods that mitigate the involvement of toxic chemicals. Hence, in recent years, several eco-friendly processes for the rapid synthesis of silver nanoparticles have been reported using aqueous extracts of plant parts such as the leaf, bark, roots, etc. This review summarizes and elaborates the new findings in this research domain of the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using different plant extracts and their potential applications as antimicrobial agents covering the literature since 2015. While highlighting the recently used different plants for the synthesis of highly efficient antimicrobial green AgNPs, we aim to provide a systematic in-depth discussion on the possible influence of the phytochemicals and their concentrations in the plants extracts, extraction solvent, and extraction temperature, as well as reaction temperature, pH, reaction time, and concentration of precursor on the size, shape and stability of the produced AgNPs. Exhaustive details of the plausible mechanism of the interaction of AgNPs with the cell wall of microbes, leading to cell death, and high antimicrobial activities have also been elaborated. The shape and size-dependent antimicrobial activities of the biogenic AgNPs and the enhanced antimicrobial activities by synergetic interaction of AgNPs with known commercial antibiotic drugs have also been comprehensively detailed.

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Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts and their antimicrobial activities: a review of recent literature

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) represent one of the most explored categories of nanomaterials for new and improved biomaterials and biotechnologies, with impressive use in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry, anti-infective therapy and wound care, food and the textile industry. Their extensive and versatile applicability relies on the genuine and easy-tunable properties of nanosilver, including remarkable physicochemical behavior, exceptional antimicrobial efficiency, anti-inflammatory action and antitumor activity. Besides commercially available and clinically safe AgNPs-based products, a substantial number of recent studies assessed the applicability of nanosilver as therapeutic agents in augmented and alternative strategies for cancer therapy, sensing and diagnosis platforms, restorative and regenerative biomaterials. Given the beneficial interactions of AgNPs with living structures and their nontoxic effects on healthy human cells, they represent an accurate candidate for various biomedical products. In the present review, the most important and recent applications of AgNPs in biomedical products and biomedicine are considered.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/10/11/2318/pdf

An Updated Review on Silver Nanoparticles in Biomedicine.

Background The emergence of multi drug-resistant (MDR) bacterial infections and cancer has necessitated the development and discovery of alternative eco-safe antibacterial and anticancer agents. Biogenic fabrication of metallic nanoparticles is an emerging discipline for production of nanoproducts that exert potent anticancer and antibacterial activity, and do not suffer from the limitations inherent in physiochemical synthesis methods. Methodology In this study, we isolated, purified, and characterized a novel cyanobacteria extract (Desertifilum IPPAS B-1220) to utilize in biofabrication of silver nanoparticles (D-SNPs). D-SNPs were produced by adding Desertifilum extract to silver nitrate solution under controlled conditions. Biofabrication of D-SNPs was confirmed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The resultant D-SNPs were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, and TEM. The toxicity of D-SNPs against five pathogenic bacteria and three cancer cell lines (MCF-7, HepG2, and Caco-2) was evaluated. Results Formation of D-SNPs was indicated by a color change from pale yellow to dark brown. The peak of the surface plasmon resonance of the D-SNPs was at 421 nm. The XRD detected the crystallinity of D-SNPs. FTIR showed that polysaccharides and proteins may have contributed to the biofabrication of D-SNPs. Under SEM and TEM, the D-SNPs were spherical with diameter ranges from 4.5 to 26 nm. The D-SNPs significantly suppressed the growth of five pathogenic bacteria, and exerted cytotoxic effects against MCF-7, HepG2, and Caco-2 cancer cells with IC50 values of 58, 32, and 90 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusion These findings showed for the first time the potentiality of novel cyanobacteria strain Desertifilum IPPAS B-1220 to fabricate small SNPs that acted as potent anticancer and antibacterial material against different cancer cell lines and pathogenic bacterial strains. These findings encourage the researchers to focus on cyanobacteria in general and especially Desertifilum sp. IPPAS B-1220 for synthesizing different NPs that opening the window for new applications.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using a Novel Cyanobacteria Desertifilum sp. extract: Their Antibacterial and Cytotoxicity Effects.

An overview of the plant-mediated green synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles for antibacterial applications

Biogenic platinum nanoparticles using black cumin seed and their potential usage as antimicrobial and anticancer agent.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rheum ribes and evaluation of their anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial potential: A novel approach in phytonanotechnology.

Multidirectional insights on Chrysophyllum perpulchrum leaves and stem bark extracts: HPLC-ESI-MSn profiles, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties

Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench is an important medicinal herb; its roots, leaves and, flowers have been used by the food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, DNA protection, antimicrobial, antioxidant-enzyme inhibition, and antiproliferative activities of water, methanol (MeOH), and ethyl acetate (EA) extracts of leaves and flowers of E. purpurea were evaluated. In addition, total phenolics and flavonoids, as well as individual compounds, were identified using colorimetric assays and HPLC-ion trap mass spectrometry, respectively. Chicoric acid and its isomer were the most abundant natural compounds, with concentrations similar to previous studies of E. purpurea. All extracts had antimicrobial activity against a broad range of bacteria, particularly Enterococcus faecalis. The antiproliferative activity of the extracts on the HeLa cells was shown. The lowest value of IC50 (73 μg/ml) came from the 24 h MeOH extract of flowers. The water extract of leaves showed strong antioxidant activity with the DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. EA and MeOH extracts of leaves showed a significant inhibition ability of cholinesterase and tyrosinase, respectively. The presented study suggested that E. purpurea extracts had promising therapeutic properties. Further investigation at the cellular level could be done to highlight the mechanism behind these biological activities.

Buket Ustaoglu

Papers

Biogenic platinum nanoparticles using black cumin seed and their potential usage as antimicrobial and anticancer agent.

Biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Rheum ribes and evaluation of their anticarcinogenic and antimicrobial potential: A novel approach in phytonanotechnology.

Multidirectional insights on Chrysophyllum perpulchrum leaves and stem bark extracts: HPLC-ESI-MSn profiles, antioxidant, enzyme inhibitory, antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties

Anticancer and biological properties of leaf and flower extracts of Echinacea purpurea (L.) Moench