Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors from plants and fungi

Coconut water (coconut liquid endosperm), with its many applications, is one of the world's most versatile natural product. This refreshing beverage is consumed worldwide as it is nutritious and beneficial for health. There is increasing scientific evidence that supports the role of coconut water in health and medicinal applications. Coconut water is traditionally used as a growth supplement in plant tissue culture/micropropagation. The wide applications of coconut water can be justified by its unique chemical composition of sugars, vitamins, minerals, amino acids and phytohormones. This review attempts to summarise and evaluate the chemical composition and biological properties of coconut water.

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The Chemical Composition and Biological Properties of Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) Water

Chitosan as an environment friendly biomaterial - a review on recent modifications and applications.

Lipid peroxidation is a primary cause of quality deterioration in meat and meat products. Free radical chain reaction is the mechanism of lipid peroxidation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroxyl radical and hydroperoxyl radical are the major initiators of the chain reaction. Lipid peroxyl radical and alkoxyl radical formed from the initial react ions are also capable of abstracting a hydrogen atom from lipid molecules to initiate the chain reaction and propagating the chain reaction. Much attention has been paid to the role of iron as a primary catalyst of lipid peroxidation. Especially, heme protei ns such as myoglobin and hemoglobin and "free" iron have been regarded as major catalysts for initiation, and iron-oxygen complexes (ferryl and perferryl radical) are even considered as initiators of lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products. Yet , which iron type and how iron is involved in lipid peroxidation in meat are still debatable. This review is focused on the potential roles of ROS and iron as primary initiators and a major catalyst, respectively, on the development of lipid peroxidat ion in meat and meat products. Effects of various other factors such as meat species, muscle type, fat content, oxygen availability, cooking, storage temperature, the presence of salt that affect lipid peroxidation in meat and meat products are also discussed.

https://www.koreascience.or.kr:443/article/JAKO200509905823893.pdf

Mechanism of Lipid Peroxidation in Meat and Meat Products -A Review

Compelling evidence from basic molecular biology has demonstrated the dual roles of microglia in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). On one hand, microglia are involved in AD pathogenesis...

Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer's disease

This study was performed to identify safe and more effective acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The total methanol extract of Citrus junos had a significant inhibitory effect on AChE in vitro. By sequential fractionation of C.junos, the active component was finally identified as naringenin. Naringenin inhibited AChE activity in a dose-dependent manner. In this study, we also evaluated the anti-amnesic activity of naringenin, a major flavanone constituent isolated from C. junos, in vivo using ICR mice with amnesia induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg body weight). Naringenin, when administered to mice at 4.5 mg/kg body weight, significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia as measured in both the passive avoidance and the Y-maze test. These results suggest that naringenin may be a useful chemopreventive agent against Alzheimer's disease.

Naringenin from Citrus junos has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and a mitigating effect on amnesia.

We screened 50 Korean traditional natural plants to measure the activation effect on choline acetyltransferase and attenuation of scopolamine-induced amnesia. The methanolic extracts from Zizyphus jujuba among the tested 50 plants, showed the highest activatory effect (34.1%) on choline acetyltransferase in vitro. By sequential fractionation of Zizyphus jujuba, the active component was finally identified as cis-9-octadecenoamide (oleamide). After isolation, oleamide showed a 65% activation effect. Administration of oleamide (0.32%) to mice significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced memory and/or cognitive impairment in the passive avoidance test and Y-maze test. Injection of scopolamine to mice impaired performance on the passive avoidance test (31% decrease in step-through latency), and on the Y-maze test (16% decrease in alternation behavior). In contrast, mice treated with oleamide before scopolamine injection were protected from these changes (12–25% decrease in step-through latency; 1–10% decreas...

Effects of oleamide on choline acetyltransferase and cognitive activities.

Amyloid βprotein (Aβ)-induced free radical-mediated neurotoxicity is a leading hypothesis as a cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), A β increased free radical production and lipid per oxidation in PC12 nerve cells, leading to apoptosis and cell death. The effect of 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′, 6,7-trimethoxyflmone fom Artemisia asiatica on A β induced neurotoxicity was investigated using PC12 cells. Pretreatment with isolated 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,6,7-trimethoxyflavone and vitamin Eprevented the Aβ-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS). The 4′,5-dihydroxy-3′,6,7-trimethoxyflavone resulted in concentration-dependant decreased Aβ toxicity assessed by 3–(4,5– dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. However, treatment with these antioxidants inhibited the Aβ-induced neurotoxic effect. Therefore, these results indicate that micromolecular Aβ-induced oxidative cell stress is reduced by 4′, 5– dihydroxy-3 ', 6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Artemisia asiatica.

Protective effect of 4',5-dihydroxy-3',6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Artemisia asiatica against Abeta-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells.

Amyloid beta protein (Abeta) increases free radical production and lipid peroxidation in PC12 nerve cells, leading to apoptosis and cell death. The effect of ursolic acid from Origanum majorana L. on Abeta-induced neurotoxicity was investigated using PC12 cells. Pretreatment with isolated ursolic acid and vitamin E prevented the PC12 cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS) toxicity that is mediated by Abeta. The ursolic acid resulted in decreased Abeta toxicity assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and trypan blue assay. Thus, treatment with these antioxidants inhibited the Abeta-induced neurotoxic effect. Therefore, these results indicate that micromolar Abeta-induced oxidative cell death is reduced by ursolic acid from Origanum majorana L.

Ursolic acid of Origanum majorana L. reduces Abeta-induced oxidative injury.

Of 30 herbal plants tested, the methanol extracts of Eucommia ulmoides (52%), Evodia officinalis (45%), and Pleuropterus multiflorus (41%) each showed a potent inhibitory effect on the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) production in ultraviolet B (UVB)-irradiated human fibroblasts. Aucubin was isolated as the MMP-1 inhibitor from E. ulmoides, and significantly suppressed the production of MMP-1 by nearly 57% compared to the control. It also reduced MMP-1 mRNA expression. These results suggest that aucubin is a photoprotective phytochemical, and could be used as a potential agent in preventing photoaging.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1271/bbb.69.2227

Bum-Shik Hong

Papers

Naringenin from Citrus junos has an inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase and a mitigating effect on amnesia.

Effects of oleamide on choline acetyltransferase and cognitive activities.

Protective effect of 4',5-dihydroxy-3',6,7-trimethoxyflavone from Artemisia asiatica against Abeta-induced oxidative stress in PC12 cells.

Ursolic acid of Origanum majorana L. reduces Abeta-induced oxidative injury.

Inhibitory effect of aucubin isolated from Eucommia ulmoides against UVB-induced matrix metalloproteinase-1 production in human skin fibroblasts