Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction

Experimental Neurology By Prof Paul Glees Pp xii + 532 (Oxford: Clarendon Press; London: Oxford University Press, 1961) 75s net

The Nervous System

Unbiased Stereology. Three‐Dimensional Measurement in Microscopy.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has opened a new window to the brain. Measuring hippocampal volume with MRI has provided important information about several neuropsychiatric disorders. We reviewed the literature and selected all English-language, human subject, data-driven papers on hippocampal volumetry, yielding a database of 423 records. Smaller hippocampal volumes have been reported in epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, dementia, mild cognitive impairment, the aged, traumatic brain injury, cardiac arrest, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, Cushing's disease, herpes simplex encephalitis, Turner's syndrome, Down's syndrome, survivors of low birth weight, schizophrenia, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, chronic alcoholism, borderline personality disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and antisocial personality disorder. Significantly larger hippocampal volumes have been correlated with autism and children with fragile X syndrome. Preservation of hippocampal volume has been reported in congenital hyperplasia, children with fetal alcohol syndrome, anorexia nervosa, attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, and panic disorder. Possible mechanisms of hippocampal volume loss in neuropsychiatric disorders are discussed.

MR-based in vivo hippocampal volumetrics: 2. Findings in neuropsychiatric disorders

The ischemia-reperfusion injury,which is called I/R,is an important problem in the surgical practices.It plays an important role in the developing of pathology,such as the small intestine transplantation,the serious infection,the wound,the shock,the cardiorespiratory functional defeat.The consequence of intestinal I/R,not only causes partial histologic lesion of intestinal mucosa,more over may cause intestinal bacteria colony shifting,changes the intestines absorption function,as well as damages to the distance organ,even leads to the multi-systems organ function defect syndrome.This article explained its mechanism and prevention measure for the past few years and hoped to provide the basis for the future clinical work.

Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury of the Intestine and Protective Strategies Against Injury

To characterize the kidney in a high-fat-induced obesity model, we examined the renal structure of adult Sprague-Dawley rats fed a control diet or a high-fat diet for 3 months. Ten adult female Sprague-Dawley rats were fed a diet consisting highly of fat (30%) for a period of 3 months. Ten control rats were maintained with standard rat chow. All animals were weighed every 10 days for 3 months. At the end of the experiment, the naso-anal length of the anaesthetized rats was measured to calculate body mass index, and subsequently whole kidneys of intracardially formalin-perfused animals were removed. Quantitative features of the kidney were analysed with the Cavalieri and physical dissector methods applied to serial paraffin sections. Kidney samples were also examined histologically. The body mass indices of the control and treatment groups were 4.528 +/- 0.242 and 5.876 +/- 0.318 kg m(-2), respectively. The difference between the body mass indices of the two groups was statistically significant (P < 0.01, Mann-Whitney U-test), suggesting that the animals fed with a high-fat diet may be overweight. Stereological examination of the kidneys revealed differences in kidney weight, total kidney volume, volume of cortex, medulla, glomeruli, proximal and distal tubules, and numerical density of glomeruli and glomerular height in the treatment group compared with the control group. Light microscopic investigation showed a dilatation in blood vessels and Bowman's space, mononuclear cell infiltration, degeneration in nephrons, including glomerulosclerosis and tubular defects, and an increase in the connective tissue in the kidneys in the treatment group. We concluded that a fatty diet is responsible for the rats' obesity and may lead to renal deformities as a result of histopathological changes such as dilatation, tubular defects, inflammation and connective tissue enlargement of the kidney.

The effects of high-fat diet on the renal structure and morphometric parametric of kidneys in rats.

Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats

It is well known that there are functional differences between right and left brain hemispheres. However, it is not clear whether these functional differences are reflected in morphometric differences. This study was carried out to investigate the right -left asymmetry, and sex and species differences of the brains using the Cavalieri principle for volume estimation. Seventeen lambs, 10 rats and 12 avian brains were used to estimate brain volumes. A transparent point grid was superimposed on the slices of lamb brains directly and the slices of the rat and avian brains were projected onto a screen at 10x magnification. Surface areas of the cut slice faces were estimated by simply counting the points that hit the slices. Mean brain volumes were 37.74 cm 3 , 598.95 mm 3 and 730.38 mm 3 and the coefficients of variations were 0.08, 0.05 and 0.05 for lamb, rat and avian brains respectively. The differences between left and right hemisphere s did not show statistical significance (P > 0.05). However, the male brain volumes were larger than the females for the lamb and bird (P < 0.05). In light of such findings, it will be n ecessary to evaluate neuron number of the brain hemispheres to provide more useful data regarding inter -hemispheric brain asymmetry.

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Brain volumes of the lamb, rat and bird do not show hemispheric asymmetry: a stereological study

One of the common lethal complications of septic shock, a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with severe trauma and so on, is acute lung injury. alpha-Lipoic acid (ALA), with antioxidant properties, is a popular agent. Thus, we investigated the potential protective effects of ALA (200 mg/kg) on sepsis-induced acute lung injury. Rats were exposed to cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) to induce sepsis. Rat groups were designed as (a) sham operated, (b) sham operated + ALA treated, (c) CLP applied, (d) CLP + ALA treated. Sixteen hours after CLP induction, serum samples and lung tissues were obtained for biochemical and histopathological examination. alpha-Lipoic acid decreased the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha and IL-6, which increased after CLP. Increased activity of nuclear factor kappaB in septic lung tissues was decreased by ALA. alpha-Lipoic acid improved the decreased antioxidant activity and alleviated the increased oxidant activity, which occurred after CLP application. We can suggest that ALA showed beneficial effects by decreasing nuclear factor kappaB activation in lung tissues, resulting in decreased serum levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6, and also increasing the antioxidant capacity of the lungs.

Alpha-lipoic acid as a potential target for the treatment of lung injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model in rats.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of atorvastatin as an antioxidant and tissue protective agent and study the biochemical and histopathological changes in experimental ischemia and ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in rat ovaries. The experiment used 48 adult female rats, and the experimental groups can be summarized as: group I, a sham operation; group II, a sham operation +10 mg/kg atorvastatin; group III, bilateral ovarian ischemia; and groups IV and V, bilateral ovarian ischemia +5 and 10 mg/kg atorvastatin before 30 min of ischemia, respectively (after a 3-h period of ischemia, the bilateral ovaries were surgically removed); group VI, 3-h period of ischemia followed by 3-h reperfusion; groups VII and VIII received 5 and 10 mg/kg atorvastatin, respectively, 2.5 h after the induction of ischemia, and at the end of a 3-h period of ischemia, bilateral vascular clips were removed and 3-h reperfusion continued. After the experiments, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and levels of glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) were determined, and histopathological changes were examined in all rat ovarian tissue. Ischemia and I/R increased the LPO level and MPO activity while decreasing the SOD activity and GSH level significantly in comparison to the sham group. The 5- and 10-mg/kg doses of atorvastatin before ischemia and I/R reversed the trend in LPO level and MPO activity. The levels of SOD and GSH were decreased by ischemia and I/R. The administration of atorvastatin before ischemia and I/R treatments also reversed the trend in the SOD and GSH levels. In the I/R plus atorvastatin groups, although minimal vascular dilation in the ovary stoma and some degenerative cell clusters were seen, most of the cellular structures showed no pathological changes. Administration of atorvastatin is effective in reversing tissue damage induced by ischemia and/or I/R in ovaries.

Bunyami Unal

Papers

The effects of high-fat diet on the renal structure and morphometric parametric of kidneys in rats.

Spirulina platensis feeding inhibited the anemia- and leucopenia-induced lead and cadmium in rats

Brain volumes of the lamb, rat and bird do not show hemispheric asymmetry: a stereological study

Alpha-lipoic acid as a potential target for the treatment of lung injury caused by cecal ligation and puncture-induced sepsis model in rats.

Atorvastatin reduces tissue damage in rat ovaries subjected to torsion and detorsion: biochemical and histopathologic evaluation