Archaeological Survey of the Flint Creek Project for the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service

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A Water-Quality Simulation Model for Well Mixed Estuaries and Coastal Seas: Volume IX, The Computer Program

Classes of large scale dynamic systems were discussed in the context of modern control theory. Specific examples discussed were in the technical fields of aeronautics, water resources and electric power.

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19750021772/downloads/19750021772.pdf

Large scale dynamic systems

Henry’s law constants (kO) and equilibrium concentrations (CO*) of dissolved oxygen (DO) at 1 atm were measured in NaCl solutions of concentration (S) up to -260%~ and at temperatures (7’) between 273 and 308K An equation of the form In Co* = a, + $ + a,ln T + a,T + a,T2 + S(a, + a,T + a7P) + asS2 was found to predict DO values to within the experimental uncertainty An equation of the same form satisfactorily described the variation of In kO over the same temperature and concentration ranges In order to develop these equations it was also necessary to develop ones to describe the variation of density and vapor pressure of NaCl solutions with T and S The equations can be used to generate tables of oxygen solubility values that can be used for hypersaline waters dominated by NaCl Theoretically, DO values based on NaCl can be corrected for the presence of other ionic salts in natural waters At present this correction is limited by the availability of DO data for these subdominant electrolytes It is a century since L W Winkler published his pioneering studies on the solubility of oxygen in water Since then, equilibrium concentrations of dissolved oxygen (DO) in marine and estuarine waters have been measured over a range of salinity and temperature with his technique or minor modifications of it In these saline waters, as well as in freshwaters, his basic technique has become the standard to determine the concentration of DO, and tables are available that document the relationship between salinity, temperature, and DO at equilibrium in such waters‘ (Weiss 1970; Benson and Krause 1980; Mortimer 198 1) It is only relatively recently that other methods of measuring DO have been developed; they involve diffusion to a reducing electrode They have not supplanted Winkler’s method where simplicity and accuracy are important

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.4319/lo.1991.36.2.0235

Dissolved oxygen concentrations in hypersaline waters

This paper examines the space-time patterns of annual, interannual, and decadal components of precipitation, temperature, and runoff (P-T-R) using long-record time series across the steep topographic gradient of the Wasatch Front in northern Utah. This region forms the major drainage area to the Great Salt Lake. The approach is to use multichannel singular spectrum analysis as a means of detecting dominant oscillations and spatial patterns in the data and to discuss the relation to the unique mountain and basin hydrologic setting. Results of the analysis show that high-elevation runoff is dominated by the annual and seasonal harmonics, while low-elevation runoff exhibits strong interannual and decadal oscillations. For precipitation and temperature, only the annual/seasonal spectral peaks were found to be significantly different from the underlying noise floor, and these components increase with altitude similar to the mean orographic pattern. Spectral peaks in runoff show a more complex pattern with altitude, with increasing low-frequency components at intermediate and lower elevation. This pattern is then discussed in terms of basin storage effects and groundwater-stream interaction. A conceptual hydrogeologic model for the mountain and basin system proposes how losing streams and deep upwelling groundwater in the alluvial aquifer could explain the strong low-frequency component in streams entering the Great Salt Lake. The phase-plane trajectories of the dominant components for P-T-R are reconstructed as a function of altitude showing the relation of hydrogeologic conditions to the strongest oscillations in mountain runoff and discharge to the Great Salt Lake. The paper shows that weak interannual and decadal oscillations in the climate signal are strengthened where groundwater discharge dominates streamflow.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1029/98WR02818

Low‐frequency oscillations in precipitation, temperature, and runoff on a west facing mountain front: A hydrogeologic interpretation

: The report develops supply functions for agricultural use in ten hydrologic study units in Utah by parametric linear programming. The shadow-price of imported water to each study unit was determined to show the possible economic consequence of interbasin transfer. In general, imported water is of little or no value if water presently being evaporated from Great Salt Lake is available for diversion upstream. A statewide linear programming allocation model was developed to meet projected requirements, subject to various hydrologic constraints and limits on diversions. The primary factor affecting interbasin transfer of Colorado River water is the degree to which evaporation occurs from Great Salt Lake. (Author)

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Development of Regional Supply Functions and a Least-Cost Model for Allocating Water Resources in Utah: A Parametric Linear Programming Approach.

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Development of a Management Framework of the Great Salt Lake

A linear programming model was formulated to represent the 10 interconnected hydrologic study areas of the state. The comprehensive model considers virtually all uses, areas, sources, transfers, and costs of water. The model has 204 constraints and 338 variables and was solved by the simplex method. Included in the results are the following: the optimal water allocation of the ground water, surface water, and water transfers which minimize the cost; the shadow prices of the resources; sensitivity analyses to identify the critical cost coefficients in the optimal solution; parametric analyses to test the effects of changing constraints; and manipulations of the model to test other factors such as operating rules, legal policies, political, and institutional limitations. Flow diagrams and graphs summarize the important information.

Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Utah

The feasibility of optimizing large regional water resource planning problems by means of integer programming algorithms is analyzed. Two types of integer programming models are developed: (1) A water supply model including 23 separate but geographically related community systems; and (2) A river basin water quality model including 15 point sources of wastewater, 4 types of pollutants, 6 surveillance points, and 7 alternative treatment processes. The water supply model was structured as a mixed integer problem (some continuous variables included) while the water quality model was an all integer problem. ' Four integer programming algorithms were tested on the sample problems as follows: (1) MXINT . The Burroughs B6700 TEMPO package algorithm; (2) FMps·MIP· The UNIVAC 1108 MPS package algorithm; (3) GMINT . A proprietary algorithm authored by A. M. Geoffrion and R. D. McBride; and (4) AlP . A 0,1 algorithm which uses the Balas additive concept. Several versions (sizes) of both problems were successfully solved by one or more of the algorithms with computational efforts ranging from less than 1 to more than 40 minutes of CPU time.

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Capability of Integer Programming Algorithms in Solving Water Resource Planning Problems

The development of a model capable of predicting the long term (seasonal) . distribution of water quality constituents within Great Salt Lake was undertaken as a portion of the ongoing Great Salt Lake project at Utah State University. The overall goal of the project is the development of a modeling framework to assist relevant decision making bodies in the comprehensive management of the Great Salt Lake system. Phase I of the project provided the overall structural framework for management of the Great Salt Lake system, identified data needs, and established priorities for the development of submodels for incorporation into the overall framework. Phase II of the project involves the process of developing submodels, and Phase III will be concerned with application of the framework of models to specific management problems. This study provides, as part of the second phase of the Great Salt Lake project, a model capable of predicting the long term distribution of quality constituents within the lake. This capability is a necessary component of the modeling framework since it will allow the investigation of the effects which alternative water quality management plans will have on the distribution of water quality constituents within the lake. The water quality model of the lake is based on the application of the advection-diffusion equation to the three-dimensional transport of a quality constituent. The modeling technique is formulated by discretizing the system as a network of nodes interconnected by channels in both thf! horizontal and vertical directions. This representation of the system allowed the horizontal transport to be treated mathematically as one-dimensional. The resulting modeling technique is applicable to any lake, estuary, or bay in which the concentration gradients must be described in all three coordinate directions. In applying the model to Great Salt Lake a two-layered vertical network was employed due to the physical characteristics of the system. The model was further simplified by describing vertical transport by diffusion alone. Using observed total dissolved solids concentrations, a method was developed during the study for establishing the vertical diffusion coefficient as a function of depth. A unique feature of this water quality modeling technique is that it allows the seasonal distribution of a quality constituent to be studied without the necessity of developing a hydrodynamic model of the system. The advective transport is designed to be input to the model based on observed long term circulation patterns. In the case of Great Salt Lake, circulation patterns are not yet well known. However, approximate patterns have been established from some observations to date, and those were used to provide preliminary tests of the validity and response characteristics of the model. These tests have demonstrated that the model will be a practical and useful tool for monitoring the distribution of quality constituents within the lake.

Calvin G. Clyde

Papers

Development of Regional Supply Functions and a Least-Cost Model for Allocating Water Resources in Utah: A Parametric Linear Programming Approach.

Development of a Management Framework of the Great Salt Lake

Optimal Allocation of Water Resources in Utah

Capability of Integer Programming Algorithms in Solving Water Resource Planning Problems

Development of a Water Quality Simulation Model Applicable to Great Salt Lake, Utah