Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI

http://www.geoplanning.it/test/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Practical-estimates-of-rock-mass-strength.pdf

Practical estimates of rock mass strength

本文对国际科学计量学杂志《Ｓｃｉｅｎｔｏｍｅｔｒｉｃｓ》１９７９－１９９１年的研究论文内容、栏目、作者及国别和编委及国别作了计量分析，揭示出科学计量学研究的重点、活动的中心及发展趋势，说明了学科带头人在发展科学计量学这门新兴学科中的作用。

国际刊物《Scientometrics》文献计量研究

In the last years, Artificial Intelligence (AI) has achieved a notable momentum that may deliver the best of expectations over many application sectors across the field. For this to occur, the entire community stands in front of the barrier of explainability, an inherent problem of AI techniques brought by sub-symbolism (e.g. ensembles or Deep Neural Networks) that were not present in the last hype of AI. Paradigms underlying this problem fall within the so-called eXplainable AI (XAI) field, which is acknowledged as a crucial feature for the practical deployment of AI models. This overview examines the existing literature in the field of XAI, including a prospect toward what is yet to be reached. We summarize previous efforts to define explainability in Machine Learning, establishing a novel definition that covers prior conceptual propositions with a major focus on the audience for which explainability is sought. We then propose and discuss about a taxonomy of recent contributions related to the explainability of different Machine Learning models, including those aimed at Deep Learning methods for which a second taxonomy is built. This literature analysis serves as the background for a series of challenges faced by XAI, such as the crossroads between data fusion and explainability. Our prospects lead toward the concept of Responsible Artificial Intelligence, namely, a methodology for the large-scale implementation of AI methods in real organizations with fairness, model explainability and accountability at its core. Our ultimate goal is to provide newcomers to XAI with a reference material in order to stimulate future research advances, but also to encourage experts and professionals from other disciplines to embrace the benefits of AI in their activity sectors, without any prior bias for its lack of interpretability.

Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI.

/pdf/landslide-inventory-maps-new-tools-for-an-old-problem-wkxin2jqxg.pdf

Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem

. Susceptibility mapping for disasters is very important and provides the necessary means for efficient urban planning, such as site selection and the determination of the regulations, risk assessment and the planning of the post-disaster stage, such as emergency plans and activities. The main purpose of the present study is to introduce the preliminary results of an expert based flood susceptibility mapping approach applied in urban areas in case of Ankara, Turkey. The proposed approach is based on Modified Analytic Hierarchy Process (M-AHP), which is an expert-based algorithm and provides data based modeling. The existing spatial datasets are evaluated in the decision process and the specified number of decision points according to the degree desired can be formed. The parameter priorities can be identified at the beginning of the modeling with this approach by the responsible expert. The spatial datasets used in the modeling and mapping process have been provided by the General Directorate of Mapping (HGM). Additionally, the slope gradient of topography, drainage density, and topographic wetness index of the site being one of the second derivatives of topography have been evaluated to identify the main conditioning factors controlling water accumulation on ground. Considering the uncertainties in flood hazard assessment and limitations in sophisticated analytic solutions, the proposed methodology could be evaluated to be an efficient tool to detect the most influential parameters representing the flood vulnerability and assessing the mitigation applications in urban environment.

https://www.int-arch-photogramm-remote-sens-spatial-inf-sci.net/XLII-5/361/2018/isprs-archives-XLII-5-361-2018.pdf

Preliminary investigations on flood susceptibility mapping in ankara (turkey) using modified analytical hierarchy process (m-ahp)

Sustainable development in coastal areas requires mapping of geological and geomorphological features of the area and precise determination of coastal border line. Such a study was carried out in the city of Antalya, which is undergoing intense infrastructural development in order to accommodate touristic activities. In the field, high water level, which is determined from moist-dry sand border and current berm crest, was taken as the indicator for shoreline, while vegetation line and topographic rises were taken as indicators of coastal border line. The geographic coordinates of all of the features were determined using differential Global Positioning System with application of “real-time kinematic measurement” technique. Quickbird satellite images of 2002 and 2009 were used in order to observe natural state of the coastal area before the constructions, to complete geomorphological map, and to confirm the coastal border line determined in the field. In addition, the natural vegetation line before the infrastructural development was determined using normalized difference vegetation index approach. Using grain size parameters for identification of coastal border line, high and low water levels were tested. The results showed that from low water level to coastal border line, D
 50 (median grain size) and coefficient of uniformity decrease while coefficient of curvature increases systematically. This study showed that use of only one approach to determine coastal border line is insufficient, and an integrated methodology is required.

Determination of coastal border line: an integrated approach for a part of Antalya coast (Turkey)

Nowadays several scientific disciplines utilize Citizen Science (CitSci) as a research approach. Natural hazard research and disaster management also benefit from CitSci since people can provide geodata and the relevant attributes using their mobile devices easily and rapidly during or after an event. An earthquake, depending on its intensity, is among the highly destructive natural hazards. Coordination efforts after a severe earthquake event are vital to minimize its harmful effects and timely in-situ data are crucial for this purpose. The aim of this study is to perform a CitSci pilot study to demonstrate the usability of data obtained by volunteers (citizens) for creating earthquake iso-intensity maps in a short time. The data were collected after a 5.8 Mw Istanbul earthquake which occurred on 26 September 2019. Through the mobile app “I felt the quake”, citizen observations regarding the earthquake intensity were collected from various locations. The intensity values in the app represent a revised form of the Mercalli intensity scale. The iso-intensity map was generated using a spatial kriging algorithm and compared with the one produced by The Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD), Turkey, empirically. The results show that collecting the intensity information via trained users is a plausible method for producing such maps.

A CitSci Approach for Rapid Earthquake Intensity Mapping: A Case Study from Istanbul (Turkey)

Discussion on "Landslide hazard zonation of the Khorshrostam area, Iran" by A. Uromeihy and M.R. Mahdavifar, Bull Eng Geol Environ 58 : 207–213

Stability of large underground structures depends on not only rock mass conditions but also excavation stages and support systems. In addition, complexity of geological conditions and interaction of excavation with in situ conditions affect the performance of design. The Akyazi tunnel (Trabzon, Turkey) is 2478 m long and was designed as 3 lanes and double tubes, and the number of lanes at the junction part increases to 5. Tunnel cross-sectional area from the Akyazi tunnel reaches 3 lanes and 150 m2 to 5 lanes and 438 m2 gradually. The width of the tunnel at the junction point reaches to 31 m. In this study, the necessity of inner lining concrete in tunnels excavated in good rock mass conditions is assessed and the results of the analyses are discussed. The inner lining concrete increases the cost of tunnel construction, as well as extending the construction period. With the procedure followed in the Akyazi tunnel, the top heading part of the tunnel was constructed without inner lining. No stability and drainage problem have not been encountered for 4 years. Currently, the tunnel construction was completed successfully, and the tunnel was opened to traffic. Consequently, the excavation stages, support systems described, and especially inner lining necessities discussed in this study may be applicable for extremely large tunnel sections.

/pdf/an-assessment-on-the-inner-lining-need-for-a-large-span-18jauo4j0f.pdf

Candan Gokceoglu

Papers

Preliminary investigations on flood susceptibility mapping in ankara (turkey) using modified analytical hierarchy process (m-ahp)

Determination of coastal border line: an integrated approach for a part of Antalya coast (Turkey)

A CitSci Approach for Rapid Earthquake Intensity Mapping: A Case Study from Istanbul (Turkey)

Discussion on "Landslide hazard zonation of the Khorshrostam area, Iran" by A. Uromeihy and M.R. Mahdavifar, Bull Eng Geol Environ 58 : 207–213

An assessment on the inner lining need for a large-span tunnel (a case from Turkey, Akyazı Tunnel, Trabzon)