How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization.

An Overview of Innovation

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

第１章 ＧＥＭ調査の概要（分析の枠組み；調査方法；起業活動の定義；起業活動率；起業活動と経済成長；起業の計画と失敗） 第２章 起業家と事業特性（起業家の背景；起業家の能力；事業特性；起業家教育） 第３章 起業の環境（社会的資源；起業家に対する評価；経済危機の影響；起業活動の投資環境） 第４章 専門家調査（資金調達；政府の方針；支援プログラム；教育システム；技術移転；コマーシャル・サービス；起業文化；事業機会；経営能力；起業家に対する評価；女性への支援；急成長への注目；イノベーションへの関心；調査結果） 第５章 政策への提

起業と経済成長 : global entrepreneurship monitor調査報告

The traditional concept of innovation distinguishes product innovation from process innovation. However there’s not a lot of literature which regards the strategies of organisational and marketing innovation. The main goal of this study is to give a contribution in order to fulfil this blank, by researching the impact of organisational and marketing innovations (non-technological), on the technological innovation, both to the industry and to the services. In the empiric study, we used data extracted from the Community Innovation Survey 2008, for Portugal, by applying a probit and logit regression. The obtained results confirm the importance of the marketing innovations for the services companies. The effects of the non-technological innovation, on the technological innovation vary according to the sector at which the company performs, although we cannot neglect the similarities in some results. Finally, the study shows the positive influence of the services companies on the likelihood of innovation and the extent of innovation.

The impact of non-technological innovation on the technological innovation in industry and services in Portugal

This article provides a bibliometric review based on 267 articles obtained from the Web of Science and SCOPUS databases. The objectives defined for this study were (1) to describe how the publications in this scientific area are organized concerning authors and the evolution of scientific production in the period under analysis; (2) to identify the most cited publications and authors; (3) to understand which scientific journals and countries have the highest scientific production in this area; and (4) to identify future research opportunities. To achieve the defined objectives, the database analysis focused on bibliometric indicators in the first phase. We conclude that ethnic entrepreneurship is a complex and multidimensional phenomenon, having implications in different communities and territories. Therefore, in addition to identifying and analyzing the main streams of the identified literature, this paper not only provides an overview of the state of the art and contributes to understanding ethnic entrepreneurship but also identifies an agenda for future research. 

Ethnic entrepreneurship: A bibliometric review and future research agenda

It is widely accepted that innovation plays a major role as far as economic and financial performance is concerned. However, very often, one gets the impression that this statement comprises indiscriminately many different aspects such as economic growth in general, national economic competitiveness, competition, profitability as well as individual business firms’ survival and growth. Therefore it is important to develop an empirical research to help clarifying how, when, in what sense and how much innovation may affect the firms’ economic and financial performance. With this study, the authors wish to give a contribution to a better knowledge of these issues aiming mainly at analysing innovation’s positive impact on the Portuguese firms’ economic and financial performance for the period between 1998 and 2004. Bearing in mind the complexity of the phenomenon, the hypotheses under study were tested empirically with recourse to statistic econometric analysis. The results obtained show that innovation has a positive impact on Portuguese firms’ economic and financial performance and vice-versa. Key-words: Innovation, economic and financial performance, innovation’s determining factors, Community Innovation Survey

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Innovation and economic and financial performance: an analysis at the firm

This study sought to understand how the differences in university-industry (U-I) dynamics in two cross-border regions act on their research and innovation performance. Surveys were administered to academics from research centres or units in Portugal’s Northern Region and Spain’s Castile and Leon. Data were also collected from the Community Innovation Survey (CIS2014) conducted in Portugal and Spain, to obtain a broader perspective on the topic and regions under analysis. A comparison could thus be made between the researchers’ perspective (i.e. micro) and the companies’ perspective that answered the CIS questionnaire (i.e. meso) on U-I collaboration dynamics. The questionnaires were analysed using Partial least squares structural equation modelling, and the data from CIS survey using logistic regression. The results show that U-I cooperation is associated with (i) time spent on research and development, (ii) budgets based on direct contracts with industries, (iii) companies’ location and (iv) incentives for collaboration. However, the researchers’ age and academic field are the only factors affecting which incentives for collaboration are significant. The results also reveal that U-I collaboration influences regions’ innovation profiles. These findings contribute to a fuller, more empirical understanding of U-I cooperation, demonstrating that encouragement of this type of collaboration can be a driver of innovation in any region. This article contributes in policy terms to a better understanding of the necessary incentives for both U-I collaboration and the internationalisation of this collaboration.

University-Industry Collaboration in a Cross-Border Iberian Regions

The main objective of this study is to assess how cognitive styles promote individual entrepreneurial orientation (IOE) and intrapreneurship and how they drive innovation among nurses in the healthcare services in Portugal. A total of 667 nurses participated, by completing an online questionnaire in the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, working in different health units in Portugal. PLS-SEM structural equation modelling was used as a data analysis technique. The results show that cognitive styles have a positive influence on nurses’ IOE; that cognitive styles have a positive influence on intrapreneurship, which is mediated by the IO; that the IOE impacts nurses’ intrapreneurship and innovation, which is mediated by intrapreneurship; and that intrapreneurship impacts nurses’ innovation. The originality of this study lies in the absence of studies showing relationships between the dimensions that we propose to analyze during the pandemic of COVID-19.

The Influence of Cognitive Styles as Promoters of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Intrapreneurship as Drivers of Innovation: The Case of Nurses in Health Services in Portugal in Times of COVID-19

Carla Susana Marques

Papers

The impact of non-technological innovation on the technological innovation in industry and services in Portugal

Ethnic entrepreneurship: A bibliometric review and future research agenda

Innovation and economic and financial performance: an analysis at the firm

University-Industry Collaboration in a Cross-Border Iberian Regions

The Influence of Cognitive Styles as Promoters of Entrepreneurial Orientation and Intrapreneurship as Drivers of Innovation: The Case of Nurses in Health Services in Portugal in Times of COVID-19