How has Japan become a major economic power, a world leader in the automotive and electronics industries? What is the secret of their success? The consensus has been that, though the Japanese are not particularly innovative, they are exceptionally skilful at imitation, at improving products that already exist. But now two leading Japanese business experts, Ikujiro Nonaka and Hiro Takeuchi, turn this conventional wisdom on its head: Japanese firms are successful, they contend, precisely because they are innovative, because they create new knowledge and use it to produce successful products and technologies. Examining case studies drawn from such firms as Honda, Canon, Matsushita, NEC, 3M, GE, and the U.S. Marines, this book reveals how Japanese companies translate tacit to explicit knowledge and use it to produce new processes, products, and services.

The knowledge-creating company : how Japanese companies create the dynamics of innovation

This handbook looks to provide academics and students with a comprehensive and holistic understanding of the phenomenon of innovation. Innovation spans a number of fields within the social sciences and humanities: Management, Economics, Geography, Sociology, Politics, Psychology, and History. Consequently, the rapidly increasing body of literature on innovation is characterized by a multitude of perspectives based on, or cutting across, existing disciplines and specializations. Scholars of innovation can come from such diverse starting points that much of this literature can be missed, and so constructive dialogues missed. The editors of The Oxford Handbook of Innovation have carefully selected and designed twenty-one contributions from leading academic experts within their particular field, each focusing on a specific aspect of innovation. These have been organized into four main sections, the first of which looks at the creation of innovations, with particular focus on firms and networks. Section Two provides an account of the wider systematic setting influencing innovation and the role of institutions and organizations in this context. Section Three explores some of the diversity in the working of innovation over time and across different sectors of the economy, and Section Four focuses on the consequences of innovation with respect to economic growth, international competitiveness, and employment. An introductory overview, concluding remarks, and guide to further reading for each chapter, make this handbook a key introduction and vital reference work for researchers, academics, and advanced students of innovation. Contributors to this volume - Jan Fagerberg, University of Oslo William Lazonick, INSEAD Walter W. Powell, Stanford University Keith Pavitt, SPRU Alice Lam, Brunel University Keith Smith, INTECH Charles Edquist, Linkoping David Mowery, University of California, Berkeley Mary O'Sullivan, INSEAD Ove Granstrand, Chalmers Bjorn Asheim, University of Lund Rajneesh Narula, Copenhagen Business School Antonello Zanfei, Urbino Kristine Bruland, University of Oslo Franco Malerba, University of Bocconi Nick Von Tunzelmann, SPRU Ian Miles, University of Manchester Bronwyn Hall, University of California, Berkeley Bart Verspagen , ECIS Francisco Louca, ISEG Manuel M. Godinho, ISEG Richard R. Nelson, Mario Pianta, Urbino Bengt-Ake Lundvall, Aalborg

The Oxford Handbook of Innovation

Models that depict innovation as a smooth, well-behaved linear process badly misspecify the nature and direction of the causal factors at work. Innovation is complex, uncertain, somewhat disorderly, and subject to changes of many sorts. Innovation is also difficult to measure and demands close coordination of adequate technical knowledge and excellent market judgment in order to satisfy economic, technological, and other types of constraints—all simultaneously. The process of innovation must be viewed as a series of changes in a complete system not only of hardware, but also of market environment, production facilities and knowledge, and the social contexts of the innovation organization.

An Overview of Innovation

What makes organizations so similar? We contend that the engine of rationalization and bureaucratization has moved from the competitive marketplace to the state and the professions. Once a set of organizations emerges as a field, a paradox arises: rational actors make their organizations increasingly similar as they try to change them. We describe three isomorphic processes-coercive, mimetic, and normative—leading to this outcome. We then specify hypotheses about the impact of resource centralization and dependency, goal ambiguity and technical uncertainty, and professionalization and structuration on isomorphic change. Finally, we suggest implications for theories of organizations and social change.

The iron cage revisited: Institutional isomorphism and collective rationality in organizational fields (Chinese Translation)

第１章 ＧＥＭ調査の概要（分析の枠組み；調査方法；起業活動の定義；起業活動率；起業活動と経済成長；起業の計画と失敗） 第２章 起業家と事業特性（起業家の背景；起業家の能力；事業特性；起業家教育） 第３章 起業の環境（社会的資源；起業家に対する評価；経済危機の影響；起業活動の投資環境） 第４章 専門家調査（資金調達；政府の方針；支援プログラム；教育システム；技術移転；コマーシャル・サービス；起業文化；事業機会；経営能力；起業家に対する評価；女性への支援；急成長への注目；イノベーションへの関心；調査結果） 第５章 政策への提

起業と経済成長 : global entrepreneurship monitor調査報告

The aim of this theoretical paper is to analyze the school learning through the conflicts of the prism of the epistemology of thought collectives of Ludwic Fleck, in order to elucidate how evolution in generations X, Y and Z influence in generating new perspectives learning from constitutive of social relations and cultural elements. For this article it is assumed that school learning suffers influence of intervening factors of the context in which we live, and these factors coming mainly from artificial revolution of man derived from the impact of information technologies on human nature (SANTOS, 2007). Upon the assumption of the influence of technology on human learning, would also be useful to consider the evolving generations in learning, understanding that teachers need to develop the capacity of exercising their job through hipertechnologies, to overcome the factors of inequality and dehumanization and also in the realities facing a new world that emerges from virtual technologies and communication. This theoretical and analytical context of learning will be represented in different styles of thinking, in which the integrated management of different existing generations should be considered from a systemic perspective of school learning characterized as both an exoteric circle, which would be the education system as a whole, as did the different thinking styles that make up this system, students, teachers, parents and school administrators, all of them characterized by Fleck as esoteric circles, that being connected and sharing knowledge need to contribute effectively in the formation of new youth through a collaborative and distributor of information, improving the provision of school organizations seeking to meet the current contexts of hypermedia services.

Os conflitos de geração no sistema de ensino superior sob prisma da epistemologia de coletivos de pensamento

Appears in: ICERI2022 Proceedings Publication year: 2022Page: 5547 (abstract only)ISBN: 978-84-09-45476-1ISSN: 2340-1095doi: 10.21125/iceri.2022.1366Conference name: 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and InnovationDates: 7-9 November, 2022Location: Seville, Spain 

From motivation to intention to be an entrepreneur – does the university support matter?

PurposeThe aim of this study is, from the perspective of artisan entrepreneurship, to trace and analyse the artisan's profile in the sustainable development of low population density cross-border territories, using the quintuple helix innovation model.Design/methodology/approachTen semi-structured interviews were conducted with cultural and traditional artisans to achieve the proposed objective using a qualitative approach. The artisans are from Northeast Portugal (Bragança, Miranda do Douro, Mogadouro, Vimioso and Vinhais) and Northern Spain (Province of Zamora). The interviews were conducted face-to-face between May and June 2022. The interviews were manually transcribed and subjected to content and lexical analyses using IRaMuTeQ software.FindingsAn artisan was identified as an enterprising individual whose marketed handicraft pieces transmit the values and teachings of his community. Innovation, technology, sustainability and circular economy in a family environment, where dedication, resilience, happiness and hard work transmit an identity that places the artisan and his artisan practice as the driving force for the enhancement and promotion of his territory, cultural heritage and identity.Originality/valueThis work is the first study to address and treat the issue of artisan entrepreneurship by analysing and defining the cultural-based and traditional artisan profile in a cross-border and low population density territorial context.

Artisan entrepreneurship, resilience and sustainable development: the quintuple helix innovation model in the low-density and cross-border territories

O papel do conhecimento tem sido amplamente discutido na literatura de gestao, quando se trata de "economia baseada em conhecimento" - pelo menos para certo ponto - com uma logica diferente da criacao de valor para economia industrial. Os atributos especiais do conhecimento, dimensoes e especialmente a sua caracteristica com um "bem publico" e infinitas possibilidades de replicacao incluidas na mesma, torna o conhecimento um fator-chave para inovacao na nova economia. O estudo caracterizado como exploratorio e qualitativo, e parte integrante da pesquisa de doutoramento em gestao, e tem como objetivo identificar na revisao da literatura, as dimensoes conceituais do conhecimento como fator-chave para inovacao. O resultado aponta para uma relacao que avanca para alem das dimensoes, epistemologica, ontologica, estrategica e sistemica. Percemos que a dimensao conceitual da criacao de conhecimento visa de forma bem ampla as fases macros de criacao e conversao, contribuindo assim como fator-chave para inovacao.

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A dimensão conceitual da criação do conhecimento como fator-chave para inovação

This study aims to explore how can a Smart Specialisation Strategy contribute to the local economic growth. Through 10 case studies: the Atlantic UNESCO Global Geoparks, with primary and secondary data collected from this Geoparks, it is possible to suggest the existence of positive impacts caused by the smart specialisation on this concept and approach, suggesting the interest in their promotion. The results of geotourism activities impact at different levels, but they increase, in particular, the local entrepreneurial ecosystem.

Carla Susana Marques

Papers

Os conflitos de geração no sistema de ensino superior sob prisma da epistemologia de coletivos de pensamento

From motivation to intention to be an entrepreneur – does the university support matter?

Artisan entrepreneurship, resilience and sustainable development: the quintuple helix innovation model in the low-density and cross-border territories

A dimensão conceitual da criação do conhecimento como fator-chave para inovação

How Smart Specialisation Strategies in Geotourism Contribute to Local Economic Development? The Case of Atlantic Geoparks