10. Patented Literature 2616 10.1. Esterification 2616 10.2. Ether Formation 2619 10.2.1. Etherification without Cyclization 2619 10.2.2. Etherification with Cyclization 2624 10.3. N-Alkylation 2625 10.4. Other Reactions 2627 11. Summary and Outlook 2628 12. Note Added in Proof 2628 13. Abbreviations Used in This Review 2629 14. Acknowledgments 2629 15. Supporting Information Available 2630 16. References 2630

Mitsunobu and Related Reactions: Advances and Applications

Background: Autologous keratincoytes are routinely expanded using irradiated mouse fibroblasts and bovine serum for clinical use. With growing concerns about the safety of these xenobiotic materials, it is desirable to culture keratinocytes in media without animal derived products. An improved understanding of epithelial/mesenchymal interactions could assist in this.

Methodology/Principal Findings: A keratincyte/fibroblast o-culture model was developed by extending an agent-based keratinocyte colony formation model to include the response of keratinocytes to both fibroblasts and serum. The model was validated by comparison of the in virtuo and in vitro multicellular behaviour of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in single and co-culture in Greens medium. To test the robustness of the model, several properties of the fibroblasts were changed to investigate their influence on the multicellular morphogenesis of keratinocyes and fibroblasts. The model was then used to generate hypotheses to explore the interactions of both proliferative and growth arrested fibroblasts with keratinocytes. The key predictions arising from the model which were confirmed by in vitro experiments were that 1) the ratio of fibroblasts to keratinocytes would critically influence keratinocyte colony expansion, 2) this ratio needed to be optimum at the beginning of the co-culture, 3) proliferative fibroblasts would be more effective than irradiated cells in expanding keratinocytes and 4) in the presence of an adequate number of fibroblasts, keratinocyte expansion would be independent of serum.

Conclusions: A closely associated computational and biological approach is a powerful tool for understanding complex biological systems such as the interactions between keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The key outcome of this study is the finding that the early addition of a critical ratio of proliferative fibroblasts can give rapid keratinocyte expansion without the use of irradiated mouse fibroblasts and bovine serum.

http://www.flame.ac.uk/pubs/pdf/journal.pone.0002129.pdf

Agent Based Modelling Helps in Understanding the Rules by Which Fibroblasts Support Keratinocyte Colony Formation

Synthesis and receptor binding affinity of carboxylate analogues of the mannose 6-phosphate recognition marker.

http://www.lct.jussieu.fr/pagesperso/jpp/bmc1771002009.pdf

Synthesis and evaluation of non-hydrolyzable d-mannose 6-phosphate surrogates reveal 6-deoxy-6-dicarboxymethyl-d-mannose as a new strong inhibitor of phosphomannose isomerases

Microwave-assisted iridium-catalyzed [2+2+2] cycloaddition of resin-bound dipropargylamine with alkynes

Chain elongation of primary alcohols of carbohydrates

A new synthetic route to obtain the carboxylate analog of mannose 6-phosphate (M6-P) is presented. The effects of the M6-P, the carboxylate and two other analogs (the phosphonate and the alpha,beta ethylenic carboxylate) on the proliferation of human keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts as well as on the proliferation of a murine fibroblast cell line, 3T3-J2 are tested. We observed that M6-P is a potent inhibitor of proliferation of both fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Among its analogs, the phosphonate showed a similar effect on human dermal fibroblasts but not on keratinocytes.

Synthesis and biological activity of M6-P and M6-P analogs on fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation.

The chain elongation of primary alcohol of saccharides (α- d -ribose, α- d -glucose, α- d -mannose) and a disaccharide (α- d -melibiose) has been achieved via a Mitsunobu reaction using bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) malonate as nucleophile.

Caroline Clavel

Papers

Chain elongation of primary alcohols of carbohydrates

Synthesis and biological activity of M6-P and M6-P analogs on fibroblast and keratinocyte proliferation.

Chain Elongation of Primary Alcohols of Carbohydrates.