자연주의적 탐구조사(Naturalistic Inquiry)

What is Organizational Identity

Research streams on competition and cooperation are central to the field of strategic management but have evolved independently. The emerging literature on coopetition has brought attention to the phenomenon of simultaneous competition and cooperation, yet the interplay between the two has remained under-researched. We offer a roadmap for studying this interplay, which identifies some of its antecedents and consequences, highlights debates concerning the nature of competition and cooperation and the association between the two, and directs attention to the tension between competition and cooperation and the alternative approaches for managing this tension. We discuss the broader implications of the interplay, note some intriguing open questions, offer directions for future research, and present an organizing framework for the interplay of competition and cooperation.

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The interplay of competition and cooperation

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/0149206318788945

Nuances in the Interplay of Competition and Cooperation: Towards a Theory of Coopetition

The Economics of Self-Employment and Entrepreneurship: Government policy: issues and evidence

Research Summary: To further our understanding of how and why organizations engage in coopetition, we explore cooperative and competitive actions in the craft beer industry. Through an inductive field study, including interviews with craft brewery owners, we propose collective identity and collective norms play a critical role in the persistence of coopetition over time. Our process model suggests that (a) an oppositional collective identity, (b) the shared belief that a rising tide lifts all boats, and (c) the shared belief that advice and assistance should be paid forward, can lead to the persistence of coopetition beyond market category emergence.

Managerial Summary: This paper develops a theory of how smaller, craft-based organizations (i.e., “Davids”) encourage cohesion and cooperation amongst themselves when operating against an incumbent market of mass-producers (i.e., “Goliaths”). An ideological opposition to existing players can lead to a shared belief that helping organizations like your own benefits everyone—the rising tide lifts all boats mentality. Similarly, when organizations first enter a market and receive help from established members, they can feel compelled to help others who enter the market after—the pay-it-forward mentality. Together, these mechanisms offer an explanation as to how and why coopetition might persist in a market category over time.

/pdf/an-identity-perspective-on-coopetition-in-the-craft-beer-92t377pan6.pdf

An identity perspective on coopetition in the craft beer industry

This study explores the financing choices of 1,214 nascent entrepreneurs in the PSED II dataset. Funding sources are divided into two broad categories: personal and external. We develop a set of hypotheses about the kinds of firm and nascent entrepreneur characteristics that would likely influence which categories of financial resources are used, and the amounts acquired. The majority of financing (57% of all financing) for emerging ventures comes from the personal contributions of its founders, who contributed a median amount of $5,500 per respondent. Firms that more likely to acquire external funding were projected to have higher levels of revenue, were incorporated, and were legally registered. Nascent entrepreneurs with higher levels of education and net worth were significantly more likely to acquire external funding. Results from analyses are presented and discussed. Implications of our findings are provided and suggestions for future research are offered.

Financing the emerging firm

/pdf/an-identity-perspective-on-coopetition-in-the-craft-beer-3ezvamqwo9.pdf

Conventional wisdom says that friends, family, and fools provide startup financing. Beyond this platitude, little evidence is available about who acquires precisely what sources of financing during the earliest stages of starting a venture. This study argues for a more nuanced view of the financing of emerging firms that extends prior research on large businesses and small- and medium-sized enterprises. Drawing on human capital and pecking order theory, this study finds that nascent entrepreneurs in the process of creating an organization follow paths of least resistance when acquiring financial resources, which differ according to the entrepreneur’s race, as well as firm and industry characteristics.

Acquiring Financial Resources to Form New Ventures: The Impact of Personal Characteristics on Organizational Emergence

This study examines whether personal net worth affects new venture creation and performance Prior research on wealth and entrepreneurial entry has relied on data providing only a snapshot of the transition into self-employment The present study draws on a sample of US nascent entrepreneurs actively attempting to start new ventures Controlling for a number of covariates and the endogenous accumulation of wealth, we find strong evidence of higher dropout rates among low-wealth and moderately wealthy nascent entrepreneurs However, wealth appears to have no effect on venture creation for those managing to remain in gestation This suggests liquidity constraints theory applies more toward entrepreneurial disengagement than entrepreneurial entry Furthermore, the suggestion that the wealthy are able to aggressively grow their ventures is only partially supported by the data when we include a set of covariates correlated with wealth Integrating these findings, we conclude that entrepreneurial success is concentrated at the top of the wealth distribution, despite notable evidence of capability for those at the lower end of the wealth distribution

Casey J. Frid

Papers

An identity perspective on coopetition in the craft beer industry

Financing the emerging firm

An identity perspective on coopetition in the craft beer industry

Acquiring Financial Resources to Form New Ventures: The Impact of Personal Characteristics on Organizational Emergence

Effects of wealth inequality on entrepreneurship