Data Mining Practical Machine Learning Tools and Techniques

The Internet has led to the creation of a digital society, where (almost) everything is connected and is accessible from anywhere. However, despite their widespread adoption, traditional IP networks are complex and very hard to manage. It is both difficult to configure the network according to predefined policies, and to reconfigure it to respond to faults, load, and changes. To make matters even more difficult, current networks are also vertically integrated: the control and data planes are bundled together. Software-defined networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to change this state of affairs, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network's control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. The separation of concerns, introduced between the definition of network policies, their implementation in switching hardware, and the forwarding of traffic, is key to the desired flexibility: by breaking the network control problem into tractable pieces, SDN makes it easier to create and introduce new abstractions in networking, simplifying network management and facilitating network evolution. In this paper, we present a comprehensive survey on SDN. We start by introducing the motivation for SDN, explain its main concepts and how it differs from traditional networking, its roots, and the standardization activities regarding this novel paradigm. Next, we present the key building blocks of an SDN infrastructure using a bottom-up, layered approach. We provide an in-depth analysis of the hardware infrastructure, southbound and northbound application programming interfaces (APIs), network virtualization layers, network operating systems (SDN controllers), network programming languages, and network applications. We also look at cross-layer problems such as debugging and troubleshooting. In an effort to anticipate the future evolution of this new paradigm, we discuss the main ongoing research efforts and challenges of SDN. In particular, we address the design of switches and control platforms—with a focus on aspects such as resiliency, scalability, performance, security, and dependability—as well as new opportunities for carrier transport networks and cloud providers. Last but not least, we analyze the position of SDN as a key enabler of a software-defined environment.

https://publications.uni.lu/bitstream/10993/20596/1/survey_on_SDN.pdf

Software-Defined Networking: A Comprehensive Survey

The 2008 crash has left all the established economic doctrines - equilibrium models, real business cycles, disequilibria models - in disarray. Part of the problem is due to Smith’s "veil of ignorance": individuals unknowingly pursue society’s interest and, as a result, have no clue as to the macroeconomic effects of their actions: witness the Keynes and Leontief multipliers, the concept of value added, fiat money, Engel’s law and technical progress, to name but a few of the macrofoundations of microeconomics. A good viewpoint to take bearings anew lies in comparing the post-Great Depression institutions with those emerging from Thatcher and Reagan’s economic policies: deregulation, exogenous vs. endoge- nous money, shadow banking vs. Volcker’s Rule. Very simply, the banks, whose lending determined deposits after Roosevelt, and were a public service became private enterprises whose deposits determine lending. These underlay the great moderation preceding 2006, and the subsequent crash.

The Economic Institutions of Capitalism

Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is an emerging paradigm that promises to change this state of affairs, by breaking vertical integration, separating the network's control logic from the underlying routers and switches, promoting (logical) centralization of network control, and introducing the ability to program the network. The separation of concerns introduced between the definition of network policies, their implementation in switching hardware, and the forwarding of traffic, is key to the desired flexibility: by breaking the network control problem into tractable pieces, SDN makes it easier to create and introduce new abstractions in networking, simplifying network management and facilitating network evolution. In this paper we present a comprehensive survey on SDN. We start by introducing the motivation for SDN, explain its main concepts and how it differs from traditional networking, its roots, and the standardization activities regarding this novel paradigm. Next, we present the key building blocks of an SDN infrastructure using a bottom-up, layered approach. We provide an in-depth analysis of the hardware infrastructure, southbound and northbound APIs, network virtualization layers, network operating systems (SDN controllers), network programming languages, and network applications. We also look at cross-layer problems such as debugging and troubleshooting. In an effort to anticipate the future evolution of this new paradigm, we discuss the main ongoing research efforts and challenges of SDN. In particular, we address the design of switches and control platforms -- with a focus on aspects such as resiliency, scalability, performance, security and dependability -- as well as new opportunities for carrier transport networks and cloud providers. Last but not least, we analyze the position of SDN as a key enabler of a software-defined environment.

Emerging mega-trends (e.g., mobile, social, cloud, and big data) in information and communication technologies (ICT) are commanding new challenges to future Internet, for which ubiquitous accessibility, high bandwidth, and dynamic management are crucial. However, traditional approaches based on manual configuration of proprietary devices are cumbersome and error-prone, and they cannot fully utilize the capability of physical network infrastructure. Recently, software-defined networking (SDN) has been touted as one of the most promising solutions for future Internet. SDN is characterized by its two distinguished features, including decoupling the control plane from the data plane and providing programmability for network application development. As a result, SDN is positioned to provide more efficient configuration, better performance, and higher flexibility to accommodate innovative network designs. This paper surveys latest developments in this active research area of SDN. We first present a generally accepted definition for SDN with the aforementioned two characteristic features and potential benefits of SDN. We then dwell on its three-layer architecture, including an infrastructure layer, a control layer, and an application layer, and substantiate each layer with existing research efforts and its related research areas. We follow that with an overview of the de facto SDN implementation (i.e., OpenFlow). Finally, we conclude this survey paper with some suggested open research challenges.

A Survey on Software-Defined Networking

A fiber optic receptacle for connecting standard fiber optic cable plug connectors with a multi-chip circuit module includes a surrounding non-insulative jacket having a thermal expansion joint. The jacket is preferably disposed in a recess along the edge of the multi-chip module substrate and is affixed thereto by means of solder ball technology so as to provide alignment and connection to grounding conductors. Internal fiber optic cables extend from the bottom of a recess in a receiving body which is surrounded by the non-insulative jacket. These internal optical fibers are coupled to fiber optic cables in an external plug connector with photonic receptors being present on selected circuit chips disposed on the multi-chip module structure. The connector structure solves problems of alignment, manufacturability, thermal expansion, bandwidth and compatibility in addition to problems associated with the dissipation of accumulated static charge.

Receptacle for connecting parallel fiber optic cables to a multichip module

The TerraLink laser communication (lasercom) system was developed as a cost-effective, high-bandwidth, wireless alternative to fiber optic transmission. The advantages of lasercom over fiber optic cabling are primarily economic. However, free-space lasercom is subject to atmospheric effects, such as attenuation and scintillation, which can reduce link availability and may introduce burst errors not seen in fiber transmission. The TerraLink transceivers use large receive apertures and multiple transmit beams to reduce the effects of scintillation. By designing the lasercom link with sufficient margin for atmospheric attenuation and scintillation, a bit error rate (BER) of 1029 or better can be achieved. Since we designed the TerraLink transceivers to be eye-safe at the transmit aperture, each system is range-limited. Link power budgets for the TerraLink systems are presented, and link margin data are shown that quantitatively describe how the effective laser link range varies in different weather conditions. Since the TerraLink transceivers act as simple repeaters, they are protocol-independent. Examples of TerraLink installations transmitting wireless fast ethernet (125 Mbits/s), fiber distributed data interface (FDDI) (125 Mbits/s), asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) (155 and 622 Mbits/s), and Enterprise Systems Connection (ESCON) (200 Mbits/s) protocol data are presented.

/pdf/wireless-optical-transmission-of-fast-ethernet-fddi-atm-and-1pnjfdobid.pdf

Wireless optical transmission of fast ethernet, FDDI, ATM, and ESCON protocol data using the TerraLink laser communication system

An experimental setup of 32 honeypots reported 17M login attempts originating from 112 different countries and over 6000 distinct source IP addresses. Due to decoupled control and data plane, Software Defined Networks (SDN) can handle these increasing number of attacks by blocking those network connections at the switch level. However, the challenge lies in defining the set of rules on the SDN controller to block malicious network connections. Historical network attack data can be used to automatically identify and block the malicious connections. There are a few existing open-source software tools to monitor and limit the number of login attempts per source IP address one-by-one. However, these solutions cannot efficiently act against a chain of attacks that comprises multiple IP addresses used by each attacker. In this paper, we propose using machine learning algorithms, trained on historical network attack data, to identify the potential malicious connections and potential attack destinations. We use four widely-known machine learning algorithms: C4.5, Bayesian Network (BayesNet), Decision Table (DT), and Naive-Bayes to predict the host that will be attacked based on the historical data. Experimental results show that average prediction accuracy of 91.68% is attained using Bayesian Networks.

Predicting network attack patterns in SDN using machine learning approach

1. Light and Radiation (T. W. Cannon). 2. Photometric and Radiometric Quantities (R. Kohler). 3. Photometric Standards (Y. Ohno). 4. Fundamentals of Detectors (C. J. Sher DeCusatis). 5. Measurement Procedures (Y. Ohno). 6. Measurement Procedures and Case Studies (D. C. Gross). 7. Photometric Reports (R. P. Bergin). 8. Spectroradiometry Methods (W. S. Schneider, Sr. and R. Young). 9. Retroreflection ( J. J. Rennilson). 10. Colorimetry (J. D. Schanda). 11. Future Trends in Photometry (J. D. Schanda).

Handbook of applied photometry

Disclosed is a method of fabricating a molded structure including both micro lenses and metallic pins. The method comprises the steps of providing a mold apparatus having a set of first cavities and a set of second cavities, depositing a first material in the first cavities to form a set of metallic pins, and depositing a second material in the second cavities to form a set of micro lenses. The formed molded structure comprises a substrate, a set of molded microlenses on said substrate, and a set of molded metallic pins on that same substrate. The metallic pins may be formed as alignment pins or as electrical connectors. The invention enables the micro lenses and metallic pins to be manufactured by way of molding on a common substrate for the first time.

Casimer M. DeCusatis

Papers

Receptacle for connecting parallel fiber optic cables to a multichip module

Wireless optical transmission of fast ethernet, FDDI, ATM, and ESCON protocol data using the TerraLink laser communication system

Predicting network attack patterns in SDN using machine learning approach

Handbook of applied photometry

Hybrid optical/electronic structures fabricated by a common molding process