J. Appl. Cryst.の発刊に際して

to be done in this area. Face recognition is a problem that scarcely clamoured for attention before the computer age but, having surfaced, has involved a wide range of techniques and has attracted the attention of some fine minds (David Mumford was a Fields Medallist in 1974). This singular application of mathematical modelling to a messy applied problem of obvious utility and importance but with no unique solution is a pretty one to share with students: perhaps, returning to the source of our opening quotation, we may invert Duncan's earlier observation, 'There is an art to find the mind's construction in the face!'.

Linear and nonlinear waves, by G. B. Whitham. Pp.636. £50. 1999. ISBN 0 471 35942 4 (Wiley).

Light-Emitting Diodes. (Monographs in Electrical and Electronic Engineering.) By A. A. Bergh and P. J. Dean. Pp. viii+591. (Clarendon: Oxford; Oxford University: London, 1976.) £22.

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Light-emitting diodes

The main purpos e of this chapter is to present a direct and systematic way of finding exact solutions and Backlund transformations of a certain class of nonlinear evolution equations. The nonlinear evolution equations are transformed, by changing the dependent variable(s), into bilinear differential equations of the following special form 
 
$$ F\left( {\frac{\partial }{{\partial t}} - \frac{\partial }{{\partial {t^1}}},\frac{\partial }{{\partial x}} - \frac{\partial }{{\partial {x^1}}}} \right)f(t,x)f({t^1},{x^1}){|_{t = {t^1},x = {x^1}}} = 0 $$ 
 
, which we solve exactly using a kind of perturbational approach.

Direct Methods in Soliton Theory (非線形現象の取扱いとその物理的課題に関する研究会報告)

The development of clean and renewable energy materials as alternatives to fossil fuels is foreseen as a potential solution to the crucial problems of environmental pollution and energy shortages. Hydrogen is an ideal energy material for the future, and water splitting using solar/electrical energy is one way to generate hydrogen. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of porous materials with unique properties that have received rapidly growing attention in recent years for applications in water splitting due to their remarkable design flexibility, ultra-large surface-to-volume ratios and tunable pore channels. This review focuses on recent progress in the application of MOFs in electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting for hydrogen generation, including both oxygen and hydrogen evolution. It starts with the fundamentals of electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting and the related factors to determine the catalytic activity. The recent progress in the exploitation of MOFs for water splitting is then summarized, and strategies for designing MOF-based catalysts for electrocatalytic and photocatalytic water splitting are presented. Finally, major challenges in the field of water splitting are highlighted, and some perspectives of MOF-based catalysts for water splitting are proposed.

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Recent Progress in Metal-Organic Frameworks for Applications in Electrocatalytic and Photocatalytic Water Splitting.

En este trabajo se estudió la funcionalización de escualano y tetradecano al variar el efecto electrónico del sustituyente sobre los anillos aromáticos del núcleo porfirínico y el agente oxidante (KIO4, 2KHSO5 ·KHSO4·K2SO4, NaClO y H2O2). Se sintetizaron y caracterizaron tres metaloporfirinas: cloruro de meso-tetrakis-4-nitrofenilporfirinato manganeso(III), cloruro de meso-tetrakis-2,4,6-trimetoxifenilporfirinato manganeso(III) y cloruro de meso-tetrafenilporfirinato manganeso(III), con rendimientos del 40, 52 y 43%, respectivamente. Posteriormente se probaron 24 sistemas de funcionalización, que se cuantificaron empleando cromatografía de gases usando el método del patrón interno, y sus productos se identificaron por cromatografía de gases acoplada a espectrometría de masas e infrarrojo. Los resultados muestran que la adecuada selección del par porfirina-agente oxidante puede llevar a funcionalizaciones hasta del 42% para el tetradecano y del 80% para el escualano.

Effect of porphyrin substituents and oxidizing agent on the functionalization of aliphatic compounds

During the post-harvest period, the shelf life of tamarillos can be significantly affected by fungi such as Colletotrichum tamarilloi. Although incorporating fungicides such as lauric acid into packaging can prevent fruit loss, it is necessary to find more readily available sources of antifungal agents. This study demonstrated that incorporating coconut oil hydrolysis products (COHP) into packaging can prevent fungal growth in tamarillos (Solanum betaceum). We found that high-pressure hydrolysis of coconut oil produced COHP with 93.1% w/w organic phase recovery and a high concentration of lauric acid (43.3% w/w). Minimum inhibitory concentration assays of CHOP against four different fungi (Colletotrichum tamarilloi, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. passiflorae, Fusarium solani, and Fusarium equisetti) confirmed their antifungal properties. Furthermore, we incorporated COHP as an additive in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) films and observed that it inhibited the growth of Colletotrichum tamarilloi by over 80%. Results from in vivo studies showed that the shelf life of both infected and healthy tamarillos was extended by up to three and more than four weeks, respectively. 

Antifungal packaging with coconut oil extract improved the storage of fresh tamarillo fruits.

En este trabajo se describen tanto la sintesis como la caracterizacion de E,E-1,4-dimetoxi-2,5-bis[2-(4-nitrofenil)etenil] benceno, mediante la reaccion de acoplamiento cruzado de Heck usando trifenilfosfito como ligante, lo cual –y teniendo en cuenta la literatura cientifica consultada– es el primer reporte de un doble acoplamiento de Heck empleando fosfitos como ligante en la formacion del complejo catalitico con paladio. La caracterizacion del sistema fenilvinilideno obtenido muestra que el mecanismo es altamente estereoselectivo hacia la formacion de enlaces trans, y su altisimo rendimiento (98%) indica que el sistema catalitico es bastante promisorio para realizar multiacoplamientos cruzados necesarios para obtener polimeros fenilvinilideno con altos pesos moleculares y altas eficiencias en las propiedades optoelectronicas, necesarios para la tecnologia de la electronica de polimeros.

Síntesis estereoselectiva de un nitro derivado de fenilvinilideno mediante la reacción de heck usando fosfitos synthesis of a stereoselective nitro phenylenevinylene derivative by the heck reaction using phosphites síntese estéreoselectiva de um nitro derivado de fenilvinilideno mediante a reacção de heck usando fosofitos

The grafting of an oligo (phenylene vinylene) onto TiO2 (P25) demonstrated to be an effective strategy to boost the stability and performance of this organic moiety when employed as photocatalyst for indigo carmine degradation. This hybrid material displayed a charge transfer feature that enables the use of visible light to achieve the dye degradation via simultaneous direct reduction and oxidation through the generation of superoxide radicals and singlet oxygen. 

Stability and Performance Enhancement of an Oligo (phenylene vinylene) Photocatalyst via Surface Grafting onto TiO
 2
 for Visible‐Light Indigo Carmine Degradation

En este trabajo se estudio la funcionalizacion de escualano y tetradecano al variar el efecto electronico del sustituyente sobre los anillos aromaticos del nucleo porfirinico y el agente oxidante (KIO4, 2KHSO5 ·KHSO4·K2SO4, NaClO y H2O2). Se sintetizaron y caracterizaron tres metaloporfirinas: cloruro de meso-tetrakis-4-nitrofenilporfirinato manganeso(III), cloruro de meso-tetrakis-2,4,6-trimetoxifenilporfirinato manganeso(III) y cloruro de meso-tetrafenilporfirinato manganeso(III), con rendimientos del 40, 52 y 43%, respectivamente. Posteriormente se probaron 24 sistemas de funcionalizacion, que se cuantificaron empleando cromatografia de gases usando el metodo del patron interno, y sus productos se identificaron por cromatografia de gases acoplada a espectrometria de masas e infrarrojo. Los resultados muestran que la adecuada seleccion del par porfirina-agente oxidante puede llevar a funcionalizaciones hasta del 42% para el tetradecano y del 80% para el escualano.

Efecto del sustituyente sobre el anillo porfirínico y el agente oxidante en la funcionalización de compuestos alifáticos effect of porphyrin substituents and oxidizing agent on the functionalization of aliphatic compounds estudo de substituintes sobre a porfirina e o agente oxidante na funcionalização de oligômeros alifáticos

Cesar A. Sierra

Papers

Effect of porphyrin substituents and oxidizing agent on the functionalization of aliphatic compounds

Antifungal packaging with coconut oil extract improved the storage of fresh tamarillo fruits.

Stability and Performance Enhancement of an Oligo (phenylene vinylene) Photocatalyst via Surface Grafting onto TiO 2 for Visible‐Light Indigo Carmine Degradation