Career adaptability as a mediator between personality and career engagement

1. Introduction 2. The prelude: the political economy of pre-revolutionary Iran 3. The economics of upheaval, 1977-80 4. The cost of sacred defense, 1980-9 5. The reconstruction jihad, 1989-97 6. Ayatollah Gorbachev: reform within the red lines, 1997-2005 7. Populism, version 2.0: the Ahmadinejad era, 2005-13 8. Energy and the Islamic republic 9. Sanctions and the sacred state 10. Conclusion.

Iran's Political Economy since the Revolution

Petroleum-production engineering

Medical Education in Egypt: Historical Background, Current Status, and Challenges

Background: During the last two decades, the trend of out-of-pocket payments (OOP) for health services by Iranian households has been a matter of concern and it has exposed a significant proportion of them to catastrophic and impoverishing health expenditures. Objectives: The current study aimed to investigate three objectives: First, the mean of out-of-pocket payments among Iranian households for health services; second, the headcount and overshoot measures of catastrophic health expenditure; and finally the level of inequality in its distribution. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study on Iranian rural and urban households was conducted from April to June 2015. The sample sizes were 19437 rural and 18888 urban households that Iranian Statistical Centre (ISC) selected them through a three -step randomized clustered sampling. The headcount and overshoot measures for catastrophic health expenditure were calculated. Also, the concentration index was calculated in order to investigate the inequality in distribution of the mentioned measures. Results: The catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio varied from 0.5% to 14.3% and from 0.48% to 13.27% for rural and urban households, respectively. Also, the overshoot of catastrophic health expenditure varied from 9.62% to 18.72% and from 8.8% to 17.74% for rural and urban households, respectively. Conclusions: Considering Iran’s economic condition during the last five years, the catastrophic health expenditure headcount ratio was more than 2% in Iran.

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Catastrophic health expenditure among Iranian rural and urban households, 2013-2014

The Islamic Republic of Iran is an important and interesting case study to understand in the context of higher education development in the MENA region. The Iranian higher education system can be considered as among the most developed in the region, especially in research and development, despite economic sanctions. With the lifting of the sanctions and having possessed rich economic resources as well as coupled by a relatively stable political situation, these have brighten the prospects for the development of the Iranian higher education. This chapter examines the challenges and prospects of higher education in Iran as well as from the politico-security, economic, social, legal, and educational perspectives as a means to develop holistic insights of higher education in a post-sanction Iran and the MENA region.

Islamic republic of Iran

Despite being in a constant state of conflict and the manifold dangers posed by the Israeli occupation, the State of Palestine has a functional education system, which includes higher education. In fact, the higher education development in Palestine has progressed at a rapid pace over the last three decades, as it continues to succeed against the odds unbowed. This chapter examines the political, security and economic situation of Palestine, to provide a context to understanding the environment that shapes the Palestinian higher education landscape and system. This is followed by a scrutiny of the higher education sector, which includes an assessment of the set of conditions and challenges that are uniquely faced by the stakeholders of higher education in Palestine, and the potentials for future development and realisation of this highly passionate agenda of the Palestinian people.

State of Palestine

Higher education in the middle east and North Africa: Exploring regional and country specific potentials

The Republic of Tunisia makes an interesting case study in the context of higher education development in the MENA region. This is in view of its strong tradition and culture of promoting education, and the accolade it receives for possessing among the most developed higher education systems in the region, despite its comparatively less affluent economic condition. This chapter examines the development of the national higher education agenda of Tunisia, in terms of the provision of international students, research, and training collaboration, as well as network expansion. It explores the challenges and prospects offered from the politico-security, economic, social, legal, and educational perspectives as a means to develop important insights that could assist in the making of strategic recommendations for would-be higher education providers and their higher education institutes, in the quest to extend their outreach to this post-conflict state in the MENA region.

Republic of Tunisia

The development of higher education in the State of Libya has been disarrayed by the ongoing civil conflict and politico-security instability. Since the fall of Gaddafi, the instability and conflict has not only affected the socioeconomic development but also in terms of higher education. While prior to that, despite being one of the biggest spenders on education in the world, higher education of Libya was confronted by problems of quality and overcrowding that were unique to the Libyan context. With the instability and conflict, the situation and prospects of higher education in Libya have further deteriorated. However, the neglect on higher education of Libya cannot be underestimated as it has a crucial role to play in the future rebuilding of what may have been deemed currently as a 'failed state' but with vast economic potentials.

Chang Da Wan

Papers

Islamic republic of Iran

State of Palestine

Higher education in the middle east and North Africa: Exploring regional and country specific potentials

Republic of Tunisia

State of Libya