Covariation: the ANOVA model ............................................................................... . Similarity and contiguity ...............................•.......................................................... Salience ................................................................................................................. . Primacy ................................................................................................................. .

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Attribution theory and research

Contemporary work organizations make heavy use of work teams to meet both immediate and strategic objectives. This chapter addresses the nature and dynamics of work teams. It emphasizes the types of teams that are commonly used in work settings and the processes that are key to their success. The extensive literature on work teams is reviewed and organized around the shifting demands the team's life cycle—from formation to disbanding. Special emphasis is given to research needs relative to team training and development and the role of team leadership.


Keywords:

composition;
development;
effectiveness;
leadership;
team life cycle;
team processes;
work teams

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Work Groups and Teams in Organizations

: This paper reports on a meta-analytic integration of the relation between group cohesiveness and performance. Overall, the cohesiveness-performance effect was highly significant and of small magnitude. Several theoretically informative determinants of the cohesiveness-performance effect were examined. This effect was significantly stronger when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of measurements of group members' perceptions of cohesiveness than when cohesiveness was operationalized in terms of experimental inductions of cohesiveness. The results of this analysis suggest that the more direct effect may be from performance to cohesiveness rather than from cohesiveness to performance. Discussion considers the implications of these results for future research on the relation between cohesiveness and performance.

The relation between group cohesiveness and performance: An integration.

Just world research and the attribution process: Looking back and ahead.

The present meta-analysis investigated the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation in modifying emotional outcomes as indexed by experiential, behavioral, and physiological measures. A systematic search of the literature identified 306 experimental comparisons of different emotion regulation (ER) strategies. ER instructions were coded according to a new taxonomy, and meta-analysis was used to evaluate the effectiveness of each strategy across studies. The findings revealed differences in effectiveness between ER processes: Attentional deployment had no effect on emotional outcomes (d+ = 0.00), response modulation had a small effect (d+ = 0.16), and cognitive change had a small-to-medium effect (d+ = 0.36). There were also important within-process differences. We identified 7 types of attentional deployment, 4 types of cognitive change, and 4 types of response modulation, and these distinctions had a substantial influence on effectiveness. Whereas distraction was an effective way to regulate emotions (d+ = 0.27), concentration was not (d+ = −0.26). Similarly, suppressing the expression of emotion proved effective (d+ = 0.32), but suppressing the experience of emotion or suppressing thoughts of the emotion-eliciting event did not (d+ = −0.04 and −0.12, respectively). Finally, reappraising the emotional response proved less effective (d+ = 0.23) than reappraising the emotional stimulus (d+ = 0.36) or using perspective taking (d+ = 0.45). The review also identified several moderators of strategy effectiveness including factors related to the (a) to-be-regulated emotion, (b) frequency of use and intended purpose of the ER strategy, (c) study design, and (d) study characteristics. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)

Dealing with feeling: a meta-analysis of the effectiveness of strategies derived from the process model of emotion regulation.

This experiment contrasted two predictions regarding the effects of two types of cohesiveness on the performance of American students. Task-based cohesion and interpersonal cohesion were manipulated independently. Results show that high task cohesion facilitated performance, whereas interpersonal attraction had no apparent effect on production. Increases in interpersonal cohesion did, however, result in higher task commitment and more frequent interactions among group members. A path analysis suggested that potentially beneficial effects on production of increasing task commitment were obviated by the increased conversation also resulting from interpersonal cohesion. These data suggest that cohesiveness should be conceptualized as a multidimensional rather than as a unitary variable.

Cohesiveness and Performance on an Additive Task: Evidence for Multidimensionality.

The importance of race and social class information in the formation of expectancies about academic performance.

Distinctiveness and consensus: The influence of behavioral information on actors' and observers' attributions.

Effects of valence, severity, arid relevance on responsibility and dispositional attribution

Research has shown that, after brief opposite-gender interactions, men perceive women more sexually than women perceive men (e.g., Abbey, 1982). This study examined interpersonal perceptions following dyadic cross-gender interactions between unacquainted individuals. Of particular concern were perceptions of sexual traits, interaction qualities, and physical attractiveness. The influence of being gender schematic on sexual judgments was examined. The results provide further support for Abbey's finding that men oversexualize women following brief interactions but failed to support the hypothesized gender schema effects. Additional analyses suggest the presence of another gender difference in judging attraction. Women who rated their partners as physically attractive also attributed more positive qualities to their partner and the interaction. By contrast, men's ratings of women revealed more limited associations with perceived physical attractiveness. Results are discussed in terms of gender differences in judging sexual attraction, the correlates of physical attractiveness, and continuing efforts to explain oversexualization.

Charles A. Lowe

Papers

Cohesiveness and Performance on an Additive Task: Evidence for Multidimensionality.

The importance of race and social class information in the formation of expectancies about academic performance.

Distinctiveness and consensus: The influence of behavioral information on actors' and observers' attributions.

Effects of valence, severity, arid relevance on responsibility and dispositional attribution

Toward an understanding of gender differences in inferring sexual interest