介绍了Kirk—Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology（化工技术百科全书）（第五版）电子图书网络版数据库，并对该数据库使用方法和检索途径作出了说明，且结合实例简单地介绍了该数据库的检索方法。

Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology数据库介绍及实例

Zinc oxide can be called a multifunctional material thanks to its unique physical and chemical properties. The first part of this paper presents the most important methods of preparation of ZnO divided into metallurgical and chemical methods. The mechanochemical process, controlled precipitation, sol-gel method, solvothermal and hydrothermal method, method using emulsion and microemulsion enviroment and other methods of obtaining zinc oxide were classified as chemical methods. In the next part of this review, the modification methods of ZnO were characterized. The modification with organic (carboxylic acid, silanes) and inroganic (metal oxides) compounds, and polymer matrices were mainly described. Finally, we present possible applications in various branches of industry: rubber, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, textile, electronic and electrotechnology, photocatalysis were introduced. This review provides useful information for specialist dealings with zinc oxide.

Zinc Oxide-From Synthesis to Application: A Review.

Thermal stability and flame retardancy of polyurethanes

Study of oxygen-containing groups in a series of graphite oxides: physical and chemical characterization.

The preparation of carboxymethylated microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) films by dispersion-casting from aqueous dispersions and by surface coating on base papers is described. The oxygen permeability of MFC films were studied at different relative humidity (RH). At low RH (0%), the MFC films showed very low oxygen permeability as compared with films prepared from plasticized starch, whey protein and arabinoxylan and values in the same range as that of conventional synthetic films, e.g., ethylene vinyl alcohol. At higher RH’s, the oxygen permeability increased exponentially, presumably due to the plasticizing and swelling of the carboxymethylated nanofibers by water molecules. The effect of moisture on the barrier and mechanical properties of the films was further studied using water vapor sorption isotherms and by humidity scans in dynamic mechanical analysis. The influences of the degree of nanofibrillation/dispersion on the microstructure and optical properties of the films were evaluated by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and light transmittance measurements, respectively. FE-SEM micrographs showed that the MFC films consisted of randomly assembled nanofibers with a thickness of 5–10 nm, although some larger aggregates were also formed. The use of MFC as surface coating on various base papers considerably reduced the air permeability. Environmental scanning electron microscopy (E-SEM) micrographs indicated that the MFC layer reduced sheet porosity, i.e., the dense structure formed by the nanofibers resulted in superior oil barrier properties.

Oxygen and oil barrier properties of microfibrillated cellulose films and coatings

Multifunctional polycarboxylic acids have been used as nonformaldehyde cross linking agents for cotton fabrics to replace the traditional N-methylol reagents. Ester ification of cotton cellulose by seventeen aliphatic and aromatic polycarboxylic acids is studied using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Five-membered cyclic an hydride intermediates formed under the curing conditions are identified on cotton fabrics treated with these acids. Only those polycarboxylic acids that form cyclic an hydride intermediates esterify cotton cellulose. Formation of the cyclic anhydride intermediates and esterification of cotton cellulose take place in the same curing tem perature regions. The infrared spectroscopy data also indicate that the second carboxyl group in a bifunctional carboxylic acid is not able to esterify cotton cellulose effectively. Therefore, we can conclude that a polycarboxylic acid esterifies cotton cellulose through the formation of a cyclic anhydride intermediate. The infrared spectroscopy ...

Formation of Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates and Esterification of Cotton Cellulose by Multifunctional Carboxylic Acids: An Infrared Spectroscopy Study:

Investigation of the flammability of different textile fabrics using micro-scale combustion calorimetry

Molecular modeling of cellulose in amorphous state. Part I: model building and plastic deformation study

Severe tensile strength loss is the major disadvantage of durable press finished cotton fabrics. Such strength losses have been attributed to two main factors: acid-catalyzed depolymerization and crosslinking of cellulose molecules. In this research, we inves tigate the effects of acid degradation and cellulose crosslinking on the tensile strength of cotton fabric crosslinked by polycarboxylic acids. Multifunctional carboxylic acids such as butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA) are used as nonformaldehyde crosslinking agents for cotton fabrics. The strength loss caused by acid degradation is an irreversible process, and the magnitude of the loss is determined by the curing temperature and time, the dissociation constants of the acid, and the concentration and pH of the acid solution applied to the fabric. Crosslinking of cellulose molecules by a polycarboxylic acid causes a reversible fabric strength loss, which increases as the degree of crosslink ing increases. The magnitude of tensile strength loss caused ...

Mechanical Strength of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabrics Part I: Effects of Acid Degradation and Crosslinking of Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids

Polycarboxylic acids appear to be the most promising nonformaldehyde durable press finishing agents to replace the traditional N-methylol reagents, 1,2,3,4-Butanetetracarboxylic acid (btca) is the most effective crosslinking agent among the acids investigated, but its exceedingly high cost has prevented its use in the textile industry on a commercial scale. In this research, we evaluate the effectiveness of two polymers of maleic acid, i.e., the homopolymer (pma) and the terpolymer (tpma), along with citric acid (ca) for crosslinking cotton cellulose., pma, tpma, and ca have molecular structures similar to btca, but are more cost effective. We have found that pma and tpma are less effective crosslinking agents for cotton than btca, probably due to the low mobility of the anhydride intermediate formed by pma or tpma to access the cellulosic hydroxyl during the curing process. We have found that the hydroxyl of ca and other α-hydroxylpolycarboxylic acids hinder the esterification of those acids with cellulo...

Charles Q. Yang

Papers

Formation of Cyclic Anhydride Intermediates and Esterification of Cotton Cellulose by Multifunctional Carboxylic Acids: An Infrared Spectroscopy Study:

Investigation of the flammability of different textile fabrics using micro-scale combustion calorimetry

Molecular modeling of cellulose in amorphous state. Part I: model building and plastic deformation study

Mechanical Strength of Durable Press Finished Cotton Fabrics Part I: Effects of Acid Degradation and Crosslinking of Cellulose by Polycarboxylic Acids

Ester Crosslinking of Cotton Fabric by Polymeric Carboxylic Acids and Citric Acid