There is a special reason for reviewing this book at this time: it is the 50th edition of a compendium that is known and used frequently in most chemical and physical laboratories in many parts of the world. Surely, a publication that has been published for 56 years, withstanding the vagaries of science in this century, must have had something to offer. There is another reason: while the book is a standard fixture in most chemical and physical laboratories, including those in medical centers, it is not as frequently seen in the laboratories of physician's offices (those either in solo or group practice). I believe that the Handbook can be useful in those laboratories. One of the reasons, among others, is that the various basic items of information it offers may be helpful in new tests, either physical or chemical, which are continuously being published. The basic information may relate

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

Advances in the development of novel cobalt Fischer-Tropsch catalysts for synthesis of long-chain hydrocarbons and clean fuels.

Recently sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) attract increasing attention due to their capability and adaptability in decontamination. The couple of cobalt and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) is an efficient way to produce reactive sulfate radicals. This article reviews the state-of-the-art progress on various heterogeneous cobalt-based catalysts for PMS activation, including cobalt oxides, cobalt-ferrite and supported cobalt by diverse substrates. We summarize the intrinsic properties of these catalysts and their fundamental behaviors in PMS activation, as well as synthetic approaches. In addition, influencing factors and synergistic techniques of Co/PMS systems in organic degradation and possible environmental applications are also discussed. Finally, we propose perspectives on challenges related to cobalt-based catalysts, heterogeneous Co/PMS systems and their potential applications in practical environmental cleanup.

Cobalt-catalyzed sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation: A review on heterogeneous catalysts and applications

Cobalt hydroxide, cobalt oxyhydroxide, and cobalt oxide nanomaterials were synthesized through simple soft chemistry. The cobalt hydroxide displays hexagonal morphology with clear edges 20 nm long. This morphology and nanosize is retained through to cobalt oxide Co3O4 through a topotactical relationship. Cobalt oxyhydroxide and cobalt oxide nanomaterials were synthesized through oxidation and low-temperature calcination from the as-prepared cobalt hydroxide. Characterization of these cobalt-based nanomaterials was fully developed, including X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy combined with selected area electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and thermal gravimetric analysis. Bonding of the divalent cobalt hydroxide from the oxyhydroxide and oxides by studying their high-resolution XPS spectra for Co 2p3/2 and O 1s. Raman spectroscopy of the as-prepared Co(OH)2, CoO(OH), and Co3O4 nanomaterials characterized each material. T...

Synthesis and Characterization of Cobalt Hydroxide, Cobalt Oxyhydroxide, and Cobalt Oxide Nanodiscs

Scanning electron microscopy, linear sweep voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy were used to investigate the electrochemical oxygen evolution reaction (OER) occurring on cobalt oxide films deposited on Au and other metal substrates. All experiments were carried out in 0.1 M KOH. A remarkable finding is that the turnover frequency for the OER exhibited by ∼0.4 ML of cobalt oxide deposited on Au is 40 times higher than that of bulk cobalt oxide. The activity of small amounts of cobalt oxide deposited on Pt, Pd, Cu, and Co decreased monotonically in the order Au > Pt > Pd > Cu > Co, paralleling the decreasing electronegativity of the substrate metal. Another notable finding is that the OER turnover frequency for ∼0.4 ML of cobalt oxide deposited on Au is nearly three times higher than that for bulk Ir. Raman spectroscopy revealed that the as-deposited cobalt oxide is present as Co3O4 but undergoes progressive oxidation to CoO(OH) with increasing anodic potential. Th...

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Enhanced activity of gold-supported cobalt oxide for the electrochemical evolution of oxygen.

http://ntur.lib.ntu.edu.tw/bitstream/246246/172223/1/23.pdf

Characterization of cobalt oxides studied by FT-IR, Raman, TPR and TG-MS

A mix-valenced cobalt oxide, CoOx, was prepared from cobalt nitrate aqueous solution through a precipitation with sodium hydroxide and an oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Further, other pure cobalt oxide species were refined from the CoOx by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) at 170, 230 and 300 °C (labeled as R-170, R-230 and R-300, respectively). They were characterized by X-ray (XRD), infrared (IR), thermogravimetry (TG) and TPR. The major composition of CoOx is CoO(OH), with a small amount of Co4+ species; R-170 is CoO(OH) with a hexagonal structure; R-230 is Co3O4 with a spinel structure and R-300 is CoO with a cubic structure. Their catalytic activities toward the CO oxidation were further studied in a continuous flow microreactor. The results indicated that the relative activity decreased significantly with the oxidation state of cobalt, i.e., CoO(+2)≳Co3O4(+8/3)≫CoO(OH)( +3)≳CoOx(>+3).

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Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Cobalt Oxide

The modification of ceria (CeO2) on high surface area cobaltic oxide (Co3O4) and the promotion effect of CO oxidation via different pretreatment conditions were studied. The high-valence cobalt oxide was prepared first by precipitation-oxidation in ice bath, followed by reduction at 230 °C to get pure and high surface area cobaltic oxide (assigned as R230, SBET = 100 m2 g−1). Further, the Ce20/R230 catalyst was prepared by impregnation with cerium nitrate (20% cerium loading). Pretreatment of Ce20/R230 catalyst was divided into two methods: reduction (under 200 and 400 °C) and calcination (under 350 and 550 °C). The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), infrared (IR), and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS), and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) and by nitrogen adsorption at −196 °C. The results showed that pretreatment under low-temperatures obtained both larger surface area and better activity. The Ce20/R230-H200 catalyst exhibited the highest surface area (SBET = 109 m2 g−1) and the best catalytic activity in CO oxidation with T50 (50% conversion) at 88 °C among series of catalysts due to the combined effect of cobaltic oxide and ceria. The optimized pretreatment of CeO2/Co3O4 catalysts can clearly enhance the catalytic activity.

Influence of pretreatment conditions on low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation over CeO2/Co3O4 catalysts

A high-valance cobalt oxide, CoO
 x
 , was prepared from cobalt nitrate aqueous solution through precipitation with sodium hydroxide and oxidation by hydrogen peroxide. Further, other pure cobalt oxide species were refined from the CoO
 x
 by temperature-programmed reduction (TPR) to 170, 230 and 300 °C. They were characterized by TPR and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Adsorption of CO and the co-adsorption of CO/O2 over the cobalt oxides were further tested by in situ FTIR. It was shown that Co3O4 is quite active for the oxidation of CO at room temperature in the presence of oxygen, leading to the formation of CO2. The variation in the oxidation of CO was interpreted with a mechanism involving two kinds of oxygen species, i.e., *-O2 on the CoO
 x
 surface and *-OL on the surface of Co3O4 spinel structure.

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Chen-Bin Wang

Papers

Characterization of cobalt oxides studied by FT-IR, Raman, TPR and TG-MS

Synthesis, Characterization and Catalytic Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide over Cobalt Oxide

Influence of pretreatment conditions on low-temperature carbon monoxide oxidation over CeO2/Co3O4 catalysts

In situ FTIR Study of Cobalt Oxides for the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide

Microwave-assisted rapid fabrication of Co3O4 nanorods and application to the degradation of phenol