Denisovans are members of a hominin group who are currently only known directly from fragmentary fossils, the genomes of which have been studied from a single site, Denisova Cave1–3 in Siberia. They are also known indirectly from their genetic legacy through gene flow into several low-altitude East Asian populations4,5 and high-altitude modern Tibetans6. The lack of morphologically informative Denisovan fossils hinders our ability to connect geographically and temporally dispersed fossil hominins from Asia and to understand in a coherent manner their relation to recent Asian populations. This includes understanding the genetic adaptation of humans to the high-altitude Tibetan Plateau7,8, which was inherited from the Denisovans. Here we report a Denisovan mandible, identified by ancient protein analysis9,10, found on the Tibetan Plateau in Baishiya Karst Cave, Xiahe, Gansu, China. We determine the mandible to be at least 160 thousand years old through U-series dating of an adhering carbonate matrix. The Xiahe specimen provides direct evidence of the Denisovans outside the Altai Mountains and its analysis unique insights into Denisovan mandibular and dental morphology. Our results indicate that archaic hominins occupied the Tibetan Plateau in the Middle Pleistocene epoch and successfully adapted to high-altitude hypoxic environments long before the regional arrival of modern Homo sapiens. Fossil evidence indicates that Denisovans occupied the Tibetan Plateau in the Middle Pleistocene epoch and successfully adapted to this high-altitude hypoxic environments long before the regional arrival of modern Homo sapiens.

/pdf/a-late-middle-pleistocene-denisovan-mandible-from-the-2byd8yvupp.pdf

A late Middle Pleistocene Denisovan mandible from the Tibetan Plateau

Speleothem CaCO3 δ18O is a commonly employed paleomonsoon proxy. However, inferring local rainfall amount from speleothem δ18O can be complicated due to changing source water δ18O, temperature effects, and rainout over the moisture transport path. These complications are addressed using δ18O of planktonic foraminiferal CaCO3, offshore from the Yangtze River Valley (YRV). The advantage is that the effects of global seawater δ18O and local temperature changes can be quantitatively removed, yielding a record of local seawater δ18O, a proxy that responds primarily to dilution by local precipitation and runoff. Whereas YRV speleothem δ18O is dominated by precession-band (23 ky) cyclicity, local seawater δ18O is dominated by eccentricity (100 ky) and obliquity (41 ky) cycles, with almost no precession-scale variance. These results, consistent with records outside the YRV, suggest that East Asian monsoon rainfall is more sensitive to greenhouse gas and high-latitude ice sheet forcing than to direct insolation forcing.

/pdf/precession-band-variance-missing-from-east-asian-monsoon-2wpc0s12ad.pdf

Precession-band variance missing from East Asian monsoon runoff

Reconstructions of past Saharan dust deposition in marine sediments provide foundational records of North African climate over time scales of 103 to 106 years. Previous dust records show primarily glacial-interglacial variability in the Pleistocene, in contrast to other monsoon records showing strong precessional variability. Here, we present the first Saharan dust record spanning multiple glacial cycles obtained using 230Th normalization, an improved method of calculating fluxes. Contrary to previous data, our record from the West African margin demonstrates high correlation with summer insolation and limited glacial-interglacial changes, indicating coherent variability in the African monsoon belt throughout the late Pleistocene. Our results demonstrate that low-latitude Saharan dust emissions do not vary synchronously with high- and mid-latitude dust emissions, and they call into question the use of existing Plio-Pleistocene dust records to investigate links between climate and hominid evolution.

/pdf/monsoon-driven-saharan-dust-variability-over-the-past-240-axak9tap8n.pdf

Monsoon-driven Saharan dust variability over the past 240,000 years.

The East Asian World-System: Climate and Dynastic Change

New insights on Chinese cave δ18O records and their paleoclimatic significance

Cosmogenic 10 Be flux from the atmosphere is a proxy for rainfall. Using this proxy, we derived a 550,000-year-long record of East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) rainfall from Chinese loess. This record is forced at orbital precession frequencies, with higher rainfall observed during Northern Hemisphere summer insolation maxima, although this response is damped during cold interstadials. The 10 Be monsoon rainfall proxy is also highly correlated with global ice-volume variations, which differs from Chinese cave δ 18 O, which is only weakly correlated. We argue that both EASM intensity and Chinese cave δ 18 O are not governed by high-northern-latitude insolation, as suggested by others, but rather by low-latitude interhemispheric insolation gradients, which may also strongly influence global ice volume via monsoon dynamics.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/360/6391/877.full.pdf

A 550,000-year record of East Asian monsoon rainfall from 10Be in loess

The Mesozoic syn- and post-collision structures were revealed in the southern Tarim Basin based on careful seismic interpretation and field investigation. The syn-collision structures are the Late Triassic thrusts in the piedmonts of W. Kunlun and Altun Mountains and the Markit Slope. They include both newly formed thrusts and reactivation of some preexisting thrusts, such as the Qarqan fault in the piedmont of the Altun Mountains. The post-collision structures are the Jurassic–Cretaceous normal faults, with the development of horsts and grabens. In the Late Triassic, the maximum stress was SSW-NNE-directed in the piedmont of the W. Kunlun Mountains and the Markit Slope but SSE-NNW-directed in the piedmont of the Altun Mountains, forming many reverse faults thrusting from the mountains to the Tarim Basin with the development of some back-thrusts in the Markit Slope. They are the syn-collision structures in response to the North Qiangtang–Tarim collision. This Late Triassic collision is an important tectonic event in the complicated closing process of the Paleo-Tethys. The Jurassic–Cretaceous extensional structures are the post-collision structures.

/pdf/mesozoic-collision-related-structures-in-the-southern-tarim-3nt8forz.pdf

Mesozoic Collision-Related Structures in the Southern Tarim Basin, W. China: Implications for the Paleo-Tethys Closing Process

Based on a high-resolution unstructured SWAN model and GFS forecast wind, an operational wave forecasting system is conducted for the Changjiang River Estuary (CRE). The performance of the wave forecasting system is evaluated by comparing it with the altimeter observations and in situ wave buoys. The present operational system shows good accuracy in reproducing the seasonal and the synoptic-scale wave characteristics over the CRE. The forecasting capability in three different horizons, including 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h forecasts, is evaluated. Waves over the CRE exhibit distinct seasonal variability. Larger waves occur in both the summer and winter when typhoons and cold weather events affect the CRE. In contrast, waves with longer wave periods take place mainly in the wind transition seasons, i.e., the spring and fall, and the wave directions are more dispersed in these seasons. A seasonal varied forecasting capability is also revealed: better in the winter and spring than in the summer and fall and better during cold weather events than during typhoons. A cross comparison with the model analysis suggests that there is a systematic difference between wave measurements by Jason-3 and Sentinel-3A/3B. The significant wave height from Jason-3 compares best with the model analysis and forecasts and is systematically lower than Sentinel-3A/3B in lower wave conditions (<4 m) in the East China Sea. Substantial discrepancies exist among the three altimeters when the significant wave height exceeds 4 m, and further efforts are needed to discern their merits.

Cheng Li

Papers

A 550,000-year record of East Asian monsoon rainfall from 10Be in loess

Mesozoic Collision-Related Structures in the Southern Tarim Basin, W. China: Implications for the Paleo-Tethys Closing Process

Toward a High-Resolution Wave Forecasting System for the Changjiang River Estuary