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Introduction To Electrodynamics

Journal of Applied physics,Vol.33 : 1962年に発表されたレオロジー関連の論文

Disordered multicomponent systems, occupying the mostly uncharted centres of phase diagrams, were proposed in 2004 as innovative materials with promising applications. The idea was to maximize the configurational entropy to stabilize (near) equimolar mixtures and achieve more robust systems, which became known as high-entropy materials. Initial research focused mainly on metal alloys and nitride films. In 2015, entropy stabilization was demonstrated in a mixture of oxides. Other high-entropy disordered ceramics rapidly followed, stimulating the addition of more components to obtain materials expressing a blend of properties, often highly enhanced. The systems were soon proven to be useful in wide-ranging technologies, including thermal barrier coatings, thermoelectrics, catalysts, batteries and wear-resistant and corrosion-resistant coatings. In this Review, we discuss the current state of the disordered ceramics field by examining the applications and the high-entropy features fuelling them, covering both theoretical predictions and experimental results. The influence of entropy is unavoidable and can no longer be ignored. In the space of ceramics, it leads to new materials that, both as bulk and thin films, will play important roles in technology in the decades to come. The valuable combination of disorder and non-metallic bonding gives rise to high-entropy ceramics. This Review explores the structures and chemistries of these versatile materials, and their applications in catalysis, water splitting, energy storage, thermoelectricity and thermal, environmental and wear protection.

High-entropy ceramics

High-entropy materials, especially high-entropy alloys and oxides, have gained significant interest over the years due to their unique structural characteristics and correlated possibilities for tailoring of functional properties. The developments in the area of high-entropy oxides are highlighted here, with emphasis placed on their fundamental understanding, including entropy-dominated phase-stabilization effects and prospective applications, e.g., in the field of electrochemical energy storage. Critical comments on the different classes of high-entropy oxides are made and the underlying principles for the observed properties are summarized. The diversity of materials design, provided by the entropy-mediated phase-stabilization concept, allows engineering of new oxide candidates for practical applications, warranting further studies in this emerging field of materials science.

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High-Entropy Oxides: Fundamental Aspects and Electrochemical Properties.

Thermoelectric generators, capable of directly converting heat into electricity, hold great promise for tackling the ever-increasing energy sustainability issue. The thermoelectric energy conversio...

Advances in thermoelectrics

Survey of ab initio phonon thermal transport

Examples of single-crystal epitaxial thin films of a high entropy perovskite oxide are synthesized. Pulsed laser deposition is used to grow the configurationally disordered $AB{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ perovskite $\mathrm{Ba}(\mathrm{Z}{\mathrm{r}}_{0.2}\mathrm{S}{\mathrm{n}}_{0.2}\mathrm{T}{\mathrm{i}}_{0.2}\mathrm{H}{\mathrm{f}}_{0.2}\mathrm{N}{\mathrm{b}}_{0.2}){\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ epitaxially on $\mathrm{SrTi}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ and MgO substrates. X-ray diffraction and scanning transmission electron microscopy demonstrate that the films are single phase with excellent crystallinity and atomically abrupt interfaces to the underlying substrates. Atomically resolved electron-energy-loss spectroscopy mapping shows a uniform and random distribution of all $B$-site cations. The ability to stabilize perovskites with this level of configurational disorder offers new possibilities for designing materials from a much broader combinatorial cation pallet while providing a fresh avenue for fundamental studies in strongly correlated quantum materials where local disorder can play a critical role in determining macroscopic properties.

https://link.aps.org/pdf/10.1103/PhysRevMaterials.2.060404

Single-crystal high entropy perovskite oxide epitaxial films

Transient grating (TG) spectroscopy is an important experimental technique to measure mean-free-path (MFP) spectra using observations of quasiballistic heat conduction To obtain MFP spectra, the measurements must be interpreted within the framework of the frequency-dependent Boltzmann transport equation (BTE), but previous solutions have restricted validity due to simplifying assumptions Here we analyze heat conduction in TG using a new analytical solution of the frequency-dependent BTE that accurately describes thermal transport from the diffusive to ballistic regimes We demonstrate that our result enables a more accurate measurement of MFP spectra and thus will lead to an improved understanding of heat conduction in solids

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Transport regimes in quasiballistic heat conduction

Interfaces play an essential role in phonon-mediated heat conduction in solids, impacting applications ranging from thermoelectric waste heat recovery to heat dissipation in electronics. From the microscopic perspective, interfacial phonon transport is described by transmission coefficients that link vibrational modes in the materials composing the interface. However, direct experimental determination of these coefficients is challenging because most experiments provide a mode-averaged interface conductance that obscures the microscopic detail. Here, we report a metrology to extract thermal phonon transmission coefficients at solid interfaces using ab initio phonon transport modeling and a thermal characterization technique, time-domain thermoreflectance. In combination with transmission electron microscopy characterization of the interface, our approach allows us to link the atomic structure of an interface to the spectral content of the heat crossing it. Our work provides a useful perspective on the microscopic processes governing interfacial heat conduction.

Experimental metrology to obtain thermal phonon transmission coefficients at solid interfaces

Cross-plane heat transport in thin films with thicknesses comparable to the phonon mean free paths is of both fundamental and practical interest for applications such as light-emitting diodes and quantum well lasers However, physical insight is difficult to obtain for the cross-plane geometry due to the challenge of solving the Boltzmann equation in a finite domain Here, we present a semi-analytical series expansion method to solve the transient, frequency-dependent Boltzmann transport equation that is valid from the diffusive to ballistic transport regimes and rigorously includes the frequency-dependence of phonon properties Further, our method is more than three orders of magnitude faster than prior numerical methods and provides a simple analytical expression for the thermal conductivity as a function of film thickness Our result enables a straightforward physical understanding of cross-plane heat conduction in thin films

/pdf/semi-analytical-solution-to-the-frequency-dependent-3xkdqtcnfj.pdf

Chengyun Hua

Papers

Survey of ab initio phonon thermal transport

Single-crystal high entropy perovskite oxide epitaxial films

Transport regimes in quasiballistic heat conduction

Experimental metrology to obtain thermal phonon transmission coefficients at solid interfaces

Semi-analytical solution to the frequency-dependent Boltzmann transport equation for cross-plane heat conduction in thin films