4.3. Reaction Mechanism 2373 4.4. Asymmetric Synthesis 2374 4.5. Outlook 2374 5. Alternating Polymerization of Oxiranes and CO2 2374 5.1. Reaction Outlines 2374 5.2. Catalyst 2376 5.3. Asymmetric Polymerization 2377 5.4. Immobilized Catalysts 2377 6. Synthesis of Urea and Urethane Derivatives 2378 7. Synthesis of Carboxylic Acid 2379 8. Synthesis of Esters and Lactones 2380 9. Synthesis of Isocyanates 2382 10. Hydrogenation and Hydroformylation, and Alcohol Homologation 2382

Transformation of carbon dioxide.

Renewable Resources Robert-Jan van Putten,†,‡ Jan C. van der Waal,† Ed de Jong,*,† Carolus B. Rasrendra,‡,⊥ Hero J. Heeres,*,‡ and Johannes G. de Vries* †Avantium Chemicals, Zekeringstraat 29, 1014 BV Amsterdam, the Netherlands ‡Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, the Netherlands DSM Innovative Synthesis BV, P.O. Box 18, 6160 MD Geleen, the Netherlands Department of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Ganesha 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia

Hydroxymethylfurfural, A Versatile Platform Chemical Made from Renewable Resources

Protic Ionic Liquids: Properties and Applications

2.5. Stabilization of IL Emulsions by Nanoparticles 2623 3. Hydrogenations in ILs 2623 3.1. Hydrogenation on IL-Stabilized Nanoparticles 2623 3.1.1. Hydrogenation of 1,3-Butadiene 2623 3.1.2. Hydrogenation of Alkenes and Arenes 2624 3.1.3. Hydrogenation of Ketones 2624 3.2. Homogeneous Catalytic Hydrogenation in ILs 2624 3.3. Hydrogenation of Functionalized ILs 2625 3.3.1. Selective Hydrogenation of Polymers 2625 3.4. Asymmetric Hydrogenations 2626 3.4.1. Enantioselective Hydrogenation 2626 3.5. Role of the ILs Purity in Hydrogenation Reactions 2628

Catalysis in ionic liquids

4.4. Pd on Modified Silica 159 4.5. Pd on Clay and Other Inorganic Materials 159 5. Stille, Fukuyama, and Negishi Reactions 159 5.1. Stille Reactions 159 5.1.1. Pd on Carbon (Pd/C) 159 5.1.2. Palladium on KF/Al2O3 159 5.1.3. Pd on Modified Silica (SiO2/TEG/Pd) 159 5.2. Fukuyama Reactions 159 5.2.1. Pd on Carbon (Pd/C) 159 5.2.2. Pd(OH)2 on Carbon (Perlman’s Catalyst) 160 5.3. Pd/C-Catalyzed Negishi Reactions 160 6. Ullmann-Type Coupling Reactions 161 6.1. Pd/C-Catalyzed Aryl−Aryl Coupling 161 6.2. Pd/C-Catalyzed Homocoupling of Vinyl Halides 162

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/ericyang/Chem.%20Rev/Chem.%20Rev.%202007,%20107,%20133-173.pdf

Carbon-Carbon Coupling Reactions Catalyzed by Heterogeneous Palladium Catalysts

Preparation of 5-hydroymethylfurfural by dehydration of fructose in the presence of acidic ionic liquid

The viscosities of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim] [PF6]) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([bmim][BF4]) were measured by using a rolling-ball viscometer. The experimental temperatures were from 293.15 to 353.15 K, and the pressures were from 0.1 to 20.0 MPa.

Viscosity of [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][BF4] at high pressure

https://www.chem.ccu.edu.tw/~joyce/referance/gump/IL/Tetrahedron%20Lett.%202001,%2042,%204349.pdf

Heterogeneous Heck reaction catalyzed by Pd/C in ionic liquid

Thermal conductivities are reported for a series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphates having butyl, hexyl, and octyl groups, which are expressed by [bmim][PF6], [hmim][PF6], and [omim][PF6], respectively. The experimental method used was a transient short-hot-wire method. Since only a small amount of sample liquid is required, this method was found to be effective for the thermal-conductivity measurements of ionic liquids (ILs). The experimental temperatures ranged from 294 to 335 K at pressures up to 20 MPa. The values of the thermal conductivities of ILs at normal pressure are similar to those of benzene. It was found that an effect of the length of the alkyl chain on the thermal conductivities in ILs is negligible. From the data for the thermal conductivity and viscosity at 293.15 K and 0.1 MPa of ILs and normal alkanes, a simple correlation was developed based on the Mohanty theory. From comparisons between the thermal conductivities of ILs and those of organic liquids (n-hexane, benzene, and methanol), the temperature and pressure dependences of the thermal conductivity of ILs are relatively weak.

Thermal Conductivities of [bmim][PF 6 ], [hmim][PF 6 ], and [omim][PF 6 ] from 294 to 335 K at Pressures up to 20 MPa

Novel acidic ionic liquids catalytic systems are developed for the Friedel–Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds with alkenes

Chiaki Yokoyama

Papers

Preparation of 5-hydroymethylfurfural by dehydration of fructose in the presence of acidic ionic liquid

Viscosity of [bmim][PF6] and [bmim][BF4] at high pressure

Heterogeneous Heck reaction catalyzed by Pd/C in ionic liquid

Thermal Conductivities of [bmim][PF 6 ], [hmim][PF 6 ], and [omim][PF 6 ] from 294 to 335 K at Pressures up to 20 MPa

Novel acidic ionic liquids catalytic systems for Friedel-Crafts alkylation of aromatic compounds with alkenes