There is now ample evidence of the ecological impacts of recent climate change, from polar terrestrial to tropical marine environments. The responses of both flora and fauna span an array of ecosystems and organizational hierarchies, from the species to the community levels. Despite continued uncertainty as to community and ecosystem trajectories under global change, our review exposes a coherent pattern of ecological change across systems. Although we are only at an early stage in the projected trends of global warming, ecological responses to recent climate change are already clearly visible.

/pdf/ecological-responses-to-recent-climate-change-5dddm9xeiv.pdf

Ecological responses to recent climate change.

N G van Kampen 1981 Amsterdam: North-Holland xiv + 419 pp price Dfl 180 This is a book which, at a lower price, could be expected to become an essential part of the library of every physical scientist concerned with problems involving fluctuations and stochastic processes, as well as those who just enjoy a beautifully written book. It provides an extensive graduate-level introduction which is clear, cautious, interesting and readable.

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9112/34/4/040/pdf

Stochastic Processes in Physics and Chemistry

Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers

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Remote Sensing And Image Interpretation

Mangroves are woody plants that grow at the interface between land and sea in tropical and sub-tropical latitudes where they exist in conditions of high salinity, extreme tides, strong winds, high temperatures and muddy, anaerobic soils. There may be no other group of plants with such highly developed morphological and physiological adaptations to extreme conditions.

Because of their environment, mangroves are necessarily tolerant of high salt levels and have mechanisms to take up water despite strong osmotic potentials. Some also take up salts, but excrete them through specialized glands in the leaves. Others transfer salts into senescent leaves or store them in the bark or the wood. Still others simply become increasingly conservative in their water use as water salinity increases Morphological specializations include profuse lateral roots that anchor the trees in the loose sediments, exposed aerial roots for gas exchange and viviparous waterdispersed propagules.

Mangroves create unique ecological environments that host rich assemblages of species. The muddy or sandy sediments of the mangal are home to a variety of epibenthic, infaunal, and meiofaunal invertebrates Channels within the mangal support communities of phytoplankton, zooplankton and fish. The mangal may play a special role as nursery habitat for juveniles of fish whose adults occupy other habitats (e.g. coral reefs and seagrass beds).

Because they are surrounded by loose sediments, the submerged mangroves' roots, trunks and branches are islands of habitat that may attract rich epifaunal communities including bacteria, fungi, macroalgae and invertebrates. The aerial roots, trunks, leaves and branches host other groups of organisms. A number of crab species live among the roots, on the trunks or even forage in the canopy. Insects, reptiles, amphibians, birds and mammals thrive in the habitat and contribute to its unique character.

Living at the interface between land and sea, mangroves are well adapted to deal with natural stressors (e.g. temperature, salinity, anoxia, UV). However, because they live close to their tolerance limits, they may be particularly sensitive to disturbances like those created by human activities. Because of their proximity to population centers, mangals have historically been favored sites for sewage disposal. Industrial effluents have contributed to heavy metal contamination in the sediments. Oil from spills and from petroleum production has flowed into many mangals. These insults have had significant negative effects on the mangroves.

Habitat destruction through human encroachment has been the primary cause of mangrove loss. Diversion of freshwater for irrigation and land reclamation has destroyed extensive mangrove forests. In the past several decades, numerous tracts of mangrove have been converted for aquaculture, fundamentally altering the nature of the habitat. Measurements reveal alarming levels of mangrove destruction. Some estimates put global loss rates at one million ha y−1, with mangroves in some regions in danger of complete collapse. Heavy historical exploitation of mangroves has left many remaining habitats severely damaged.

These impacts are likely to continue, and worsen, as human populations expand further into the mangals. In regions where mangrove removal has produced significant environmental problems, efforts are underway to launch mangrove agroforestry and agriculture projects. Mangrove systems require intensive care to save threatened areas. So far, conservation and management efforts lag behind the destruction; there is still much to learn about proper management and sustainable harvesting of mangrove forests.

Mangroves have enormous ecological value. They protect and stabilize coastlines, enrich coastal waters, yield commercial forest products and support coastal fisheries. Mangrove forests are among the world's most productive ecosystems, producing organic carbon well in excess of the ecosystem requirements and contributing significantly to the global carbon cycle. Extracts from mangroves and mangrove-dependent species have proven activity against human, animal and plant pathogens. Mangroves may be further developed as sources of high-value commercial products and fishery resources and as sites for a burgeoning ecotourism industry. Their unique features also make them ideal sites for experimental studies of biodiversity and ecosystem function. Where degraded areas are being revegetated, continued monitoring and thorough assessment must be done to help understand the recovery process. This knowledge will help develop strategies to promote better rehabilitation of degraded mangrove habitats the world over and ensure that these unique ecosystems survive and flourish.

Biology of mangroves and mangrove Ecosystems

The early Paleozoic Wuyi-Yunkai orogen in South China is a major orogenic belt in East Asia that formed at a similar time as the classic Caledonian orogeny in Europe. Despite the possibility of its being one of the few examples of intraplate orogenesis in the world, details about the orogen remain poorly defined. In this study, we provide age constraints on metamorphic and magmatic events in the eastern segment of the orogen, and the protoliths of the amphibolite-facies metamorphic rocks found there. By combining previous work with our new metamorphic and petrogenetic analyses, we present the following findings: (1) the Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny occurred between mid-Ordovician (>460 Ma) and earliest Devonian (ca. 415 Ma) time; (2) amphibolite-facies metamorphism in the eastern Wuyi-Yunkai orogen occurred between ca. 460 and 445 Ma, whereas cooling below 500–300 °C occurred by ca. 420 Ma; (3) the orogen exhibits a clockwise pressure-temperature ( P - T ) path and a maximum pressure of >8 kbar, indicating crustal thickening during the orogeny; (4) protoliths of the high-grade metamorphic rocks in the eastern segment of the orogen were dominantly Neoproterozoic (840–720 Ma) volcanic and volcaniclastic rift successions and younger deposits formed in a failed rift, and Paleoproterozoic rocks account for only a small proportion of the outcrops; and (5) the analyzed granites indicate a mixed source of Paleoproterozoic basement and Neoproterozoic continental rift rocks, with elevated melt temperatures of >800 °C, which are interpreted as reflecting dehydration melting of basin sediments taken to below midcrustal levels.

Magmatic and metamorphic events during the early Paleozoic Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny, southeastern South China: New age constraints and pressure-temperature conditions

Landsat images reveal a previously unsuspected large-scale pattern of streamlining within drift that is assumed to reflect former phases of ice flow. Such a glacial grain can be regarded as a landform assemblage comprised of a number of components. Drumlins and megaflutes form part of the pattern, but in addition there are two previously undocumented ice-moulded landform elements: streamlined lineations of much greater proportions, referred to as mega-scale glacial lineations, and a distinctive cross-cutting topology within the grain.



The ice-moulded landform assemblage is described and illustrated with reference to examples from Canada. Possible modes of genesis of such landforms are discussed and their glaciological implications outlined. The discovery of this pattern indicates the pervasive nature of subglacial deformation of sediment, and demands a radical re-interpretation of ice sheet dynamics.

Chris D. Clark

Papers

Magmatic and metamorphic events during the early Paleozoic Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny, southeastern South China: New age constraints and pressure-temperature conditions

Mega-scale glacial lineations and cross-cutting ice-flow landforms

Remote Sensing Handbook for Tropical Coastal Management

A full-plate global reconstruction of the Neoproterozoic

Pattern and timing of retreat of the last British-Irish Ice Sheet