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Using Multivariate Statistics

The capacity to exercise control over the nature and quality of one's life is the essence of humanness. Human agency is characterized by a number of core features that operate through phenomenal and functional consciousness. These include the temporal extension of agency through intentionality and forethought, self-regulation by self-reactive influence, and self-reflectiveness about one's capabilities, quality of functioning, and the meaning and purpose of one's life pursuits. Personal agency operates within a broad network of sociostructural influences. In these agentic transactions, people are producers as well as products of social systems. Social cognitive theory distinguishes among three modes of agency: direct personal agency, proxy agency that relies on others to act on one's behest to secure desired outcomes, and collective agency exercised through socially coordinative and interdependent effort. Growing transnational embeddedness and interdependence are placing a premium on collective efficacy to exercise control over personal destinies and national life.

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Social cognitive theory: An agentic perspective

XI. STRATEGIES FOR IMPROVING DIABETES CARE D iabetes is a chronic illness that requires continuing medical care and patient self-management education to prevent acute complications and to reduce the risk of long-term complications. Diabetes care is complex and requires that many issues, beyond glycemic control, be addressed. A large body of evidence exists that supports a range of interventions to improve diabetes outcomes. These standards of care are intended to provide clinicians, patients, researchers, payors, and other interested individuals with the components of diabetes care, treatment goals, and tools to evaluate the quality of care. While individual preferences, comorbidities, and other patient factors may require modification of goals, targets that are desirable for most patients with diabetes are provided. These standards are not intended to preclude more extensive evaluation and management of the patient by other specialists as needed. For more detailed information, refer to Bode (Ed.): Medical Management of Type 1 Diabetes (1), Burant (Ed): Medical Management of Type 2 Diabetes (2), and Klingensmith (Ed): Intensive Diabetes Management (3). The recommendations included are diagnostic and therapeutic actions that are known or believed to favorably affect health outcomes of patients with diabetes. A grading system (Table 1), developed by the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and modeled after existing methods, was utilized to clarify and codify the evidence that forms the basis for the recommendations. The level of evidence that supports each recommendation is listed after each recommendation using the letters A, B, C, or E.

Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes

Despite the concern that has been expressed about potential method biases, and the pervasiveness of research settings with the potential to produce them, there is disagreement about whether they really are a problem for researchers in the behavioral sciences. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to explore the current state of knowledge about method biases. First, we explore the meaning of the terms “method” and “method bias” and then we examine whether method biases influence all measures equally. Next, we review the evidence of the effects that method biases have on individual measures and on the covariation between different constructs. Following this, we evaluate the procedural and statistical remedies that have been used to control method biases and provide recommendations for minimizing method bias.

Sources of Method Bias in Social Science Research and Recommendations on How to Control It

Introduction 1. Woman's Place in Man's Life Cycle 2. Images of Relationship 3. Concepts of Self and Morality 4. Crisis and Transition 5. Women's Rights and Women's Judgment 6. Visions of Maturity References Index of Study Participants General Index

In a Different Voice. Psychological Theory and Women’s Development. Cambridge, MA (Harvard University Press) 1982.

Convinzioni di efficacia personale filiale

Orthorexia Nervosa (ON) is described as an extreme level of preoccupation around healthy eating, accompanied by restrictive eating behaviors. During the years, different assessment instruments have been developed. The aim of the study is to adapt into Italian the Dusseldorf Orthorexia Scale (I-DOS) and to test its psychometric properties. A total sample of 422 volunteer university students (mean age = 20.70 ± 3.44, women 71.8%) completed a group of self-report questionnaires in large group sessions during their lecture time. The scales assessed ON (the I-DOS and the Orhto-15), disordered eating (Disordered Eating Questionnaire, DEQ), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory-II, BDI-II), obsessive and compulsive symptoms (Obsessive Compulsive Inventory-Revised, OCI-R), and self-reported height and weight. The fit of the unidimensional structure and reliability of the I-DOS was tested trough Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) as well as its criterion validity computing correlation coefficients among Ortho-15, DEQ, BDI-II, OCI-R, BMI. Analyses confirmed the unidimensional structure of the I-DOS with acceptable or great fit indices (CFI = 0.984; TLI = 0.978; SRMR = 0.043; RMSEA = 0.076) and the strong internal consistency (α = 0.888). The correlations path supported the criterion validity of the scale. The estimated total prevalence of both ON and ON risk was 8.1%. This 10-item scale appears to be a valid and reliable measure to assess orthorexic behaviors and attitudes. Level V, descriptive cross-sectional study.

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Italian adaptation of the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (I-DOS): psychometric properties and prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among an Italian sample.

Personalità e politica

Moral disengagement plays an important role in the routinization of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) as a key mediator. What remains unclear are the factors that could attenuate the power of moral disengagement in this process. Building on social-cognitive theory, we hypothesize the moderating role of moral self-efficacy and suggest the importance of two different dimensions: self-reflective and behavioral moral self-efficacies. While the former should buffer the CWB-moral disengagement path over time, the latter should buffer the moral disengagement-CWB path. After presenting the psychometric properties of the moral self-efficacy scale in two independent samples (Study 1: United Kingdom, N = 359; Study 2: Italy, N = 1308), we test the posited multi-wave moderated-mediated model. Results from a structural equation model supported our hypotheses. Results demonstrate that the routinization of CWB through the mediation of moral disengagement over time is conditionally influenced by the two moral self-efficacy dimensions. Employees high in capability to look back and question the assumptions that affected their behavior (i.e., self-reflective moral self-efficacy) are less likely to morally disengage as a result of previous engagement in CWB. Employees high in capability to morally self-regulate (i.e., behavioral moral self-efficacy) are less likely to engage in CWB as a result of their moral disengagement. Results of the conditional indirect effect suggest that previous engagement in CWB is not translated in future engagement in CWB for those individuals high in both moral self-efficacy dimensions.

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Withstanding Moral Disengagement: Moral Self-Efficacy as Moderator in Counterproductive Behavior Routinization

Content: Background. Self-care is vital for patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). Instruments measuring diabetes self-care present limitations and are not based on theory. Aim. To develop a new Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory (SCODI) and to test its psychometric properties. Methods. 40 items were developed based on clinical recommendations and grouped into 4 dimensions: self-care maintenance, monitoring, management, and confidence, based on the Middle-range theory of self-care of chronic illness. Content validity was assessed by a multidisciplinary panel of experts. A multi-centre cross-sectional study was conducted in a consecutive sample of 200 diabetes patients. Dimensionality was evaluated by explorative factor analysis. Multidimensional model based reliability was estimated. Multiple regression models estimating associations between SCODI scores and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), body mass index (BMI), and presence of diabetes complications, were used for construct validity. Test-retest reliability was assessed. Results. Content validity ratio was 100%. A multidimensional structure emerged for the 4 scales. Multidimensional model based reliabilities were >0.80 for the 4 scales. Significant associations were found between self-care maintenance and HbA1c (p = 0.02) and between self-care monitoring and diabetes complications (p = 0.04).  Self-care management was associated with BMI (p = 0.004) and diabetes complications (p = 0.03). Self-care confidence predicted self-care maintenance, monitoring and management (all p < 0.0001) confirming theory. Intra-class correlation coefficient was > 0.9 for each of the scales. Conclusion. The SCODI is a valid and reliable theory-based tool to measure self-care in diabetes. Its use can innovate the approach to diabetes self-care in clinical practice and research. Submission for: Concurrent session In case my abstract is not accepted for oral presentation it should still be considered for POSTER PRESENTATION: Yes National Nurse Association: Italy: Consociazione Nazionale delle Associazioni Infermiere-Infermieri Italy Name of member: Davide Ausili Presenting Author Bio 1: Davide Ausili, RN, MSc, PhD. Research Fellow in Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Author biography 2: Claudio Barbaranelli, PhD. Professor of Psychometrics, Department of Psychology, University La Sapienza, Rome, Italy. Author biography 3: Emanuela Rossi, PhD. Research Fellow in Medical Statistics, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Author biography 4: Paola Rebora, PhD. Assistant Professor in Medical Statistics, Centre of Biostatistics for Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Author biography 5: Stefania Di Mauro, RN, MSc. Associate Professor in Nursing Science, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milan-Bicocca, Monza, Italy. Author biography 6: Barbara Riegel, RN, FAHA, FAAN, PhD. Professor of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America. Disclosure of Interest: None Declared

Claudio Barbaranelli

Papers

Convinzioni di efficacia personale filiale

Italian adaptation of the Düsseldorf Orthorexia Scale (I-DOS): psychometric properties and prevalence of orthorexia nervosa among an Italian sample.

Personalità e politica

Withstanding Moral Disengagement: Moral Self-Efficacy as Moderator in Counterproductive Behavior Routinization

Development and psychometric testing of a new theory-based tool to measure self-care of diabetes: the Self-Care of Diabetes Inventory®.