A 36-item short-form (SF-36) was constructed to survey health status in the Medical Outcomes Study. The SF-36 was designed for use in clinical practice and research, health policy evaluations, and general population surveys. The SF-36 includes one multi-item scale that assesses eight health concepts: 1) limitations in physical activities because of health problems; 2) limitations in social activities because of physical or emotional problems; 3) limitations in usual role activities because of physical health problems; 4) bodily pain; 5) general mental health (psychological distress and well-being); 6) limitations in usual role activities because of emotional problems; 7) vitality (energy and fatigue); and 8) general health perceptions. The survey was constructed for self-administration by persons 14 years of age and older, and for administration by a trained interviewer in person or by telephone. The history of the development of the SF-36, the origin of specific items, and the logic underlying their selection are summarized. The content and features of the SF-36 are compared with the 20-item Medical Outcomes Study short-form.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/3765916.pdf

The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). I. Conceptual framework and item selection.

The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions is the official document that describes in detail the process of preparing and maintaining Cochrane systematic reviews on the effects of healthcare interventions.

/pdf/cochrane-handbook-for-systematic-reviews-of-interventions-1xbdy6uvru.pdf

Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions

Regression methods were used to select and score 12 items from the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) to reproduce the Physical Component Summary and Mental Component Summary scales in the general US population (n=2,333). The resulting 12-item short-form (SF-12) achieved multiple R squares of 0.911 and 0.918 in predictions of the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and SF-36 Mental Component Summary scores, respectively. Scoring algorithms from the general population used to score 12-item versions of the two components (Physical Components Summary and Mental Component Summary) achieved R squares of 0.905 with the SF-36 Physical Component Summary and 0.938 with SF-36 Mental Component Summary when cross-validated in the Medical Outcomes Study. Test-retest (2-week)correlations of 0.89 and 0.76 were observed for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, respectively, in the general US population (n=232). Twenty cross-sectional and longitudinal tests of empirical validity previously published for the 36-item short-form scales and summary measures were replicated for the 12-item Physical Component Summary and the 12-item Mental Component Summary, including comparisons between patient groups known to differ or to change in terms of the presence and seriousness of physical and mental conditions, acute symptoms, age and aging, self-reported 1-year changes in health, and recovery for depression. In 14 validity tests involving physical criteria, relative validity estimates for the 12-item Physical Component Summary ranged from 0.43 to 0.93 (median=0.67) in comparison with the best 36-item short-form scale. Relative validity estimates for the 12-item Mental Component Summary in 6 tests involving mental criteria ranged from 0.60 to 107 (median=0.97) in relation to the best 36-item short-form scale. Average scores for the 2 summary measures, and those for most scales in the 8-scale profile based on the 12-item short-form, closely mirrored those for the 36-item short-form, although standard errors were nearly always larger for the 12-item short-form.

A 12-Item Short-Form Health Survey: Construction of Scales and Preliminary Tests of Reliability and Validity

Cross-sectional data from the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) were analyzed to test the validity of the MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36) scales as measures of physical and mental health constructs. Results from traditional psychometric and clinical tests of validity were compared. Principal

The MOS 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs.

https://research.vu.nl/ws/files/2901670/267479.pdf

Quality criteria were proposed for measurement properties of health status questionnaires

Objective: To evaluate preferences for eight medication attributes that women may consider when evaluating prescription osteoporosis medications.Research design and methods: The eligible sample consisted of women aged 50 years or older who responded to the 2003 or 2004 Internet-based National Health and Wellness Survey as being diagnosed with osteoporosis, considering themselves at risk, or having a family history of osteoporosis. In this Internet survey (the PREFER survey), respondents were asked to: (1) force-rank order the eight attributes from one to eight according to their preferences and (2) separately rate the importance of each attribute on a Likert-type scale from 1 (extremely unimportant) to 7 (extremely important).Results: We collected 999 responses across 3 days from a sample of 3368 women and stopped compiling responses after achieving sample size targets. Drug effectiveness (e.g., ability to reduce the risk of fractures) was force ranked as the No. 1 preferred osteoporosis medicatio...

An evaluation of patient preferences for osteoporosis medication attributes: results from the PREFER-US study.

https://www.archives-pmr.org/article/S0003-9993(02)66695-X/pdf

Use of item response theory to link 3 modules of functional status items from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study

]here have been several seminal journal supplements devoted to conceptual and methodological advances in health status and quality of life assessment 1-7 Influential articles on health status, quality of life, and outcomes assessment8-14 have also been published in supplements or special journal issues This bolus of work has been instrumental in moving the field forward conceptually, methodologically, psychometrically, substantively, and clinically Health services research has long embraced measurement as one of its foci Measurement of functional status began in the 1950s, and measurement advances continue to be made More than 70 distinct measures of functional status now exist15 More than 2 dozen generic quality of life instruments have been developed,12 and hundreds of disease-specific measures now abound16 Much of our historical measurement work has relied on theory and methods related to classic test theory (CTT) CTT has served the field well, and it will no doubt continue to do so in the years ahead Although the methods and theory underlying item response theory (IRT) have been in existence since the 1920s,17 advances in IRT methods grew greatly after 1950 with the work of Birnbaum, Lazarsfeld, and Lord17 Rasch's work emerged in the early 1960s'8 In the past 40 years, there has been unparalleled progress in applications of IRT methods to test construction, scaling, and score equating, as well as for identification of item bias and supportive functions such as computerized adaptive testing It has only been in the last 20 years that IRT methods have been applied in studies of health status Early work focused on applications in mental health assessment'9'20 IRT methods, particularly those of the Rasch model, were applied in physical rehabilitation in the 1980s21 In the 1990s, IRT methods permeated many health sciences22-30 To date, IRT methods (largely the oneand two-parameter models) have been used in a wide variety of applications in health care, ranging from identification of differential item functioning (DIF)31-34 to test equating,15,35,36 to computerized adaptive testing37-39 IRT has also been used more directly in the development of de novo health status instruments22,40,41 and in shortening existing instruments30,'42 This supplement of Medical Care contains 6 diverse pieces of work that discuss or employ the Rasch model The supplement began originally with 14 articles, 6 of which

Postscript: Applications of Rasch analysis in health care.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively compare inpatient and outpatient utilization rates between prepaid (PPD) and fee-for-service (FFS) insurance coverage for patients with chronic disease. DATA SOURCE/STUDY SETTING: Data from the Medical Outcomes Study, a longitudinal observational study of chronic disease patients conducted in Boston, Chicago, and Los Angeles. STUDY DESIGN: A four-year prospective study of resource utilization among 1,681 patients under treatment for hypertension, diabetes, myocardial infarction, or congestive heart failure in the practices of 367 clinicians. DATA COLLECTION/EXTRACTION METHODS: Insurance payment system (PPD or FFS), hospitalizations, and office visits were obtained from patient reports. Disease and severity indicators, sociodemographics, and self-reported functional status were used to adjust for patient mix and to compute expected utilization rates. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Compared to FFS, PPD patients had 31 percent fewer observed hospitalizations before adjustment for patient differences (p = .005) and 15 percent fewer hospitalizations than expected after adjustment (p = .078). The observed rate of FFS hospitalizations exceeded the expected rate by 9 percent. These results are not explained by system differences in patient mix or trends in hospital use over four years. Half of the PPD/FFS difference in hospitalization rate is due to intrinsic characteristics of the payment system itself. CONCLUSIONS: PPD patients with chronic medical conditions followed prospectively over four years, after extensive patient-mix adjustment, had 15 percent fewer hospitalizations than their FFS counterparts owing to differences intrinsic to the insurance reimbursement system.

A longitudinal study of hospitalization rates for patients with chronic disease: results from the Medical Outcomes Study.

This study investigated the joint effect of message framing and time perspective in adherence-promoting communication targeting patients with chronic diseases. Based on previous framing and time perspective research, it was hypothesized that the gain frame would show an advantage over the loss frame among future-oriented patients; for present-oriented patients, it was hypothesized that the framing effect would be relatively indistinct. In total, 1,108 currently nonadherent patients with chronic disease participated in an experiment where they were randomly assigned to either gain- or loss-framed messages addressing key beliefs underlying their nonadherence or a no-message control condition. Intention and attitude regarding future adherence as well as message perceptions were measured after message presentation. Results of this study generally supported the hypotheses. Message topics-whether the messages addressed patients' perceived need for medications or concerns about side effects-did not moderate the effect of framing or the interaction between framing and time perspective. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

Gain Versus Loss Framing in Adherence-Promoting Communication Targeting Patients With Chronic Diseases: The Moderating Effect of Individual Time Perspective

Colleen A. McHorney

Papers

An evaluation of patient preferences for osteoporosis medication attributes: results from the PREFER-US study.

Use of item response theory to link 3 modules of functional status items from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old study

Postscript: Applications of Rasch analysis in health care.

A longitudinal study of hospitalization rates for patients with chronic disease: results from the Medical Outcomes Study.

Gain Versus Loss Framing in Adherence-Promoting Communication Targeting Patients With Chronic Diseases: The Moderating Effect of Individual Time Perspective