3.2.3. Hydroformylation 2467 3.2.4. Dimerization 2468 3.2.5. Oxidative Cleavage and Ozonolysis 2469 3.2.6. Metathesis 2470 4. Terpenes 2472 4.1. Pinene 2472 4.1.1. Isomerization: R-Pinene 2472 4.1.2. Epoxidation of R-Pinene 2475 4.1.3. Isomerization of R-Pinene Oxide 2477 4.1.4. Hydration of R-Pinene: R-Terpineol 2478 4.1.5. Dehydroisomerization 2479 4.2. Limonene 2480 4.2.1. Isomerization 2480 4.2.2. Epoxidation: Limonene Oxide 2480 4.2.3. Isomerization of Limonene Oxide 2481 4.2.4. Dehydroisomerization of Limonene and Terpenes To Produce Cymene 2481

Chemical Routes for the Transformation of Biomass into Chemicals

New materials capable of storing hydrogen at high gravimetric and volumetric densities are required if hydrogen is to be widely employed as a clean alternative to hydrocarbon fuels in cars and other mobile applications. With exceptionally high surface areas and chemically-tunable structures, microporous metal–organic frameworks have recently emerged as some of the most promising candidate materials. In this critical review we provide an overview of the current status of hydrogen storage within such compounds. Particular emphasis is given to the relationships between structural features and the enthalpy of hydrogen adsorption, spectroscopic methods for probing framework–H2 interactions, and strategies for improving storage capacity (188 references).

/pdf/hydrogen-storage-in-metal-organic-frameworks-9ols7xj8jh.pdf

Hydrogen storage in metal–organic frameworks

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1021/cr300162p

Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications

Roger Sheldon (1942) received a PhD in organic chemistry from the University of Leicester (UK) in 1967. This was followed by post-doctoral studies with Prof. Jay Kochi in the U.S. From 1969 to 1980 he was with Shell Research in Amsterdam and from 1980 to 1990 he was R&D Director of DSM Andeno. In 1991 he moved to his present position as Professor of organic chemistry and catalysis at the Delft University of Technology (The Netherlands). His primary research interests are in the application of catalytic methodologies—homogeneous, heterogeneous and enzymatic—in organic synthesis, particularly in relation to fine chemicals production. He developed the concepts of E factors and atom utilization for assessing the environmental impact of chemical processes.

Biocatalysis in ionic liquids

This review gives a survey on the latest most representative developments and progress concerning ionic liquids, from their fundamental properties to their applications in catalytic processes. It also highlights their emerging use for biomass treatment and transformation.

Ionic liquids and catalysis: Recent progress from knowledge to applications

Thermodynamic, x-ray diffraction, and Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements show that clusters of H2 can be stabilized and stored at low pressures in a sII binary clathrate hydrate. Clusters of H2 molecules occupy small water cages, whereas large water cages are singly occupied by tetrahydrofuran. The presence of this second guest component stabilizes the clathrate at pressures of 5 megapascals at 279.6 kelvin, versus 300 megapascals at 280 kelvin for pure H2 hydrate.

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/306/5695/469.full.pdf

Stable Low-Pressure Hydrogen Clusters Stored in a Binary Clathrate Hydrate

Vapor-liquid equilibria for binary mixtures of polar solvents with either carbon dioxide, ethane, or ethene were determined with a newly designed apparatus. Bubble-point curves were determined for three different temperatures. The densities of the liquid phases were also obtained. From these data the volume expansions of the liquid phases were calculated. The results show large differences in the volume expansions, depending on the binary system investigated. The binary systems with carbon dioxide show an interesting density behavior, which has no equivalent in the ethane or ethene systems. The bubble-point curves were modeled with the Peng-Robinson equation of state (EOS).

Volume expansions and vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures of a variety of polar solvents and certain near-critical solvents

Experimental results of the formation of methane hydrate in dependence of temperature and pressure in unsaturated solutions of NaCl in water will be presented in a temperature range from 261.85 to 285.98 K and pressure up to 11.0 MPa. Furthermore the four-phase equilibrium NaCl X 2H/sub 2/O /SUB s/ -CH/sub 4/ X nH/sub 2/O /SUB s/ -L-G has been calculated from the experimental results. Also the heats of transformation of several other equilibria in the ternary system CH/sub 4/-H/sub 2/O-NaCl are obtained.

Occurrence of methane hydrate in saturated and unsaturated solutions of sodium chloride and water in dependence of temperature and pressure

Quantum chemical aided prediction of the thermal decomposition mechanisms and temperatures of ionic liquids

Supercritical fluid (SCF) techniques for materials precipitation have been the subject of many studies, mostly with the intention of making highly uniform particles The SCF process is able to microencapsulate many materials that are difficult to treat with existing techniques It has also been able to control the morphology of materials by adjusting nucleation and growth during the production of particles It is expected that these techniques will receive much attention in the future This work aims to review the most recent published literature (from 2001 until the present), about particle design using gas anti-solvent and other SCF processes

Cor J. Peters

Papers

Stable Low-Pressure Hydrogen Clusters Stored in a Binary Clathrate Hydrate

Volume expansions and vapor-liquid equilibria of binary mixtures of a variety of polar solvents and certain near-critical solvents

Occurrence of methane hydrate in saturated and unsaturated solutions of sodium chloride and water in dependence of temperature and pressure

Quantum chemical aided prediction of the thermal decomposition mechanisms and temperatures of ionic liquids

Recent developments in particle design using supercritical fluids