There is, I think, something ethereal about i —the square root of minus one. I remember first hearing about it at school. It seemed an odd beast at that time—an intruder hovering on the edge of reality.

Usually familiarity dulls this sense of the bizarre, but in the case of i it was the reverse: over the years the sense of its surreal nature intensified. It seemed that it was impossible to write mathematics that described the real world in …

I and i

This review covers recent developments in the area of particle engineering via spray drying. The last decade has seen a shift from empirical formulation efforts to an engineering approach based on a better understanding of particle formation in the spray drying process. Microparticles with nanoscale substructures can now be designed and their functionality has contributed significantly to stability and efficacy of the particulate dosage form. The review provides concepts and a theoretical framework for particle design calculations. It reviews experimental research into parameters that influence particle formation. A classification based on dimensionless numbers is presented that can be used to estimate how excipient properties in combination with process parameters influence the morphology of the engineered particles. A wide range of pharmaceutical application examples—low density particles, composite particles, microencapsulation, and glass stabilization—is discussed, with specific emphasis on the underlying particle formation mechanisms and design concepts.

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Pharmaceutical particle engineering via spray drying.

Solid lipid nanoparticles as a drug delivery system for peptides and proteins.

Formulation strategy and use of excipients in pulmonary drug delivery

With the rapidly growing popularity and sophistication of inhalation therapy, there is an increasing demand for tailor-made inhalable drug particles capable of affording the most efficient delivery to the lungs and the most optimal therapeutic outcomes. To cope with this formulation demand, a wide variety of novel particle technologies have emerged over the past decade. The present review is intended to provide a critical account of the current goals and technologies of particle engineering for the development of pulmonary drug delivery systems. These technologies cover traditional micronization and powder blending, controlled solvent crystallization, spray drying, spray freeze drying, particle formation from liquid dispersion systems, supercritical fluid processing and particle coating. The merits and limitations of these technologies are discussed with reference to their applications to specific drug and/or excipient materials. The regulatory requirements applicable to particulate inhalation products are also reviewed briefly.

Particle Engineering for Pulmonary Drug Delivery

https://www.farm.ucl.ac.be/Full-texts-FARM/Bosquillon-2001-1.pdf

Influence of formulation excipients and physical characteristics of inhalation dry powders on their aerosolization performance

https://downloads.hindawi.com/archive/2012/943982.pdf

Evaluation of Differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Systems for Asthma Research

http://www.farm.ucl.ac.be/Full-texts-FARM/Bosquillon-2004-1.pdf

Pulmonary delivery of growth hormone using dry powders and visualization of its local fate in rats.

Drug transporters in the lung—do they play a role in the biopharmaceutics of inhaled drugs?

http://www.farm.ucl.ac.be/Full-texts-FARM/Bosquillon-2004-2.pdf

Cynthia Bosquillon

Papers

Influence of formulation excipients and physical characteristics of inhalation dry powders on their aerosolization performance

Evaluation of Differentiated Human Bronchial Epithelial Cell Culture Systems for Asthma Research

Pulmonary delivery of growth hormone using dry powders and visualization of its local fate in rats.

Drug transporters in the lung—do they play a role in the biopharmaceutics of inhaled drugs?

Aerosolization properties, surface composition and physical state of spray-dried protein powders.