A role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders proposes that perceived incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles leads to 2 forms of prejudice: (a) perceiving women less favorably than men as potential occupants of leadership roles and (b) evaluating behavior that fulfills the prescriptions of a leader role less favorably when it is enacted by a woman. One consequence is that attitudes are less positive toward female than male leaders and potential leaders. Other consequences are that it is more difficult for women to become leaders and to achieve success in leadership roles. Evidence from varied research paradigms substantiates that these consequences occur, especially in situations that heighten perceptions of incongruity between the female gender role and leadership roles.

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Role congruity theory of prejudice toward female leaders.

A meta-analysis and conceptual critique of research on role ambiguity and role conflict in work settings

This article reports a meta-analytic test of a two-dimensional work stressor framework with respect to stressors' relationships with strains, motivation, and performance Hindrance stressors had a 

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/20159696.pdf

A Meta-Analytic Test of the Challenge Stressor–Hindrance Stressor Framework: An Explanation for Inconsistent Relationships Among Stressors and Performance

Managerial Leadership: A Review of Theory and Research

Purpose
– Research on international marketing usually involves comparing different groups of respondents. When using structural equation modeling (SEM), group comparisons can be misleading unless researchers establish the invariance of their measures. While methods have been proposed to analyze measurement invariance in common factor models, research lacks an approach in respect of composite models. The purpose of this paper is to present a novel three-step procedure to analyze the measurement invariance of composite models (MICOM) when using variance-based SEM, such as partial least squares (PLS) path modeling. 

Design/methodology/approach
– A simulation study allows us to assess the suitability of the MICOM procedure to analyze the measurement invariance in PLS applications. 

Findings
– The MICOM procedure appropriately identifies no, partial, and full measurement invariance. 

Research limitations/implications
– The statistical power of the proposed tests requires further research, and researchers using the MICOM procedure should take potential type-II errors into account. 

Originality/value
– The research presents a novel procedure to assess the measurement invariance in the context of composite models. Researchers in international marketing and other disciplines need to conduct this kind of assessment before undertaking multigroup analyses. They can use MICOM procedure as a standard means to assess the measurement invariance.

Testing measurement invariance of composites using partial least squares

The article examines the importance of managerial skills across functional and general management areas. It examines the influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty on managerial roles...

Managerial work: The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty.

Global competition has motivated an increasing number of United States firms to set up production facilities in Mexico. This study examines productivity and management style differences in a Mexican maquiladora operation and its U.S. parent plant Likert's System 4 Theory was used as the theoretical basis of comparison. As hypothesized, significant differences were found in the management systems while productivity at the two facilities was equal.

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1057%2Fpalgrave.jibs.8490264.pdf

Management Style and Productivity in Two Cultures

This study examines participatory management systems and productivity in similar plants located in five different countries. Likert's System 4 theory was used as a tool to measure the nature and extent of participation. All five plants were engaged in identical operations that were designed and implemented by its U.S.-based owner. Each of the plants, however, was under the direction of host nationals. Data demonstrated that the degree of participation differed widely between the Italian, Mexican, Spanish, American, and English plants. It appears that the management systems in each of the plants reflects the expectations of the society and the local workforce. The data also revealed significant differences in the levels of productivity. While the most productive plants had the lowest levels of participation, the relationship between productivity and participation was not statistically significant across the five plants. The study concludes that management systems which are culturally congruent can produce ...

Management Styles Within a Multinational Corporation: A Five Country Comparative Study

A practical and theoretical approach is presented to assist nursing administrators in dealing with turnover. Data from an attitude survey ol 242 were analyzed and underlying factors that influence turnover were identified through utilization of a model to predict voluntary turnover. The authors illustrate the use of this predictive model.

Turnover Among Nurses: It Can Be Managed

This article describes the development of a diagnostic tool used to assess TQM implementation success. The tool is based on the results of interviews and questionnaire studies of 32 companies. One goal of the research was to empirically examine the proc..

Cynthia M. Pavett

Papers

Managerial work: The influence of hierarchical level and functional specialty.

Management Style and Productivity in Two Cultures

Management Styles Within a Multinational Corporation: A Five Country Comparative Study

Turnover Among Nurses: It Can Be Managed

Total Quality Management as an Organizational Change: Predictors of Successful Implementation