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Art of electronics

Immobilization strategies to develop enzymatic biosensors

Two-dimensional covalent organic frameworks (2D COFs) are candidate materials for charge storage devices because of their micro- or mesoporosity, high surface area, and ability to predictably organize redox-active groups. The limited chemical and oxidative stability of established COF linkages, such as boroxines and boronate esters, precludes these applications, and no 2D COF has demonstrated reversible redox behavior. Here we describe a β-ketoenamine-linked 2D COF that exhibits reversible electrochemical processes of its anthraquinone subunits, excellent chemical stability to a strongly acidic electrolyte, and one of the highest surface areas of the imine- or enamine-linked 2D COFs. Electrodes modified with the redox-active COF show higher capacitance than those modified with a similar non-redox-active COF, even after 5000 charge–discharge cycles. These findings demonstrate the promise of using 2D COFs for capacitive storage.

β-Ketoenamine-linked covalent organic frameworks capable of pseudocapacitive energy storage

Glucose enzyme biosensors have been shown useful for a range of applications from medical diagnosis, bioprocess monitoring, to beverage industry and environmental monitoring. We present here a highly sensitive glucose enzyme sensor based on Pt nanoparticles (PtNPs)-polyaniline (PAni) hydrogel heterostructures. High-density PtNPs were homogeneously loaded onto the three-dimensional (3D) nanostructured matrix of the PAni hydrogel. The PtNP/PAni hydrogel heterostructure-based glucose sensor synergizes the advantages of both the conducting hydrogel and the nanoparticle catalyst. The porous structure of the PAni hydrogel favored the high density immobilization of the enzyme and the penetration of water-soluble molecules, which helped efficiently catalyze the oxidation of glucose. In addition, the PtNPs catalyzed the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide that was generated during the enzymatic reaction. The transferred charges from these electrochemical processes were efficiently collected by the highly conducting...

Highly Sensitive Glucose Sensor Based on Pt Nanoparticle/Polyaniline Hydrogel Heterostructures

A contact lens with embedded sensor for monitoring tear glucose level

Polypyrrole nanotube array sensor for enhanced adsorption of glucose oxidase in glucose biosensors.

This paper presents an easy-to-design interface circuit to measure very small-percentage capacitance variations in capacitive sensors, especially suitable for industrial measurements. A computer-controlled 24-bit A/D converter is employed to obtain a higher resolution. This interface circuit can be used with various types of capacitive sensors. The most interesting thing is, that the measurement results through this interface circuit are independent of the initial capacitance of the sensor. In addition, the double differential operating principle used here minimizes the error caused by coupling and stray capacitance of sensor probes. The operating principle of the designed interface circuit, the major assumptions made, test data, and possible future developments are discussed.

A simple interface circuit to measure very small capacitance changes in capacitive sensors

Wireless indoor air quality monitoring is the main objective of this research in order to provide real time information for assisted living. The indoor air quality measured in the built environment provides a continuous stream of information for seamless controlling of building automation systems, and provides a platform for informed decision making. Further, this low power sensor network design provides vital air quality information under emergency and hazardous conditions even without grid power for a reasonable time. The proposed system has carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, propane and methane sensors. This prototype network was first built using a hardware platform available in the market with industrial grade gas sensors. The concept was verified with actual parameter measurements under different real life situations. The results reveal that the domestic indoor air quality may be extremely different compared to what is expected for a quality living environment.

Design of a smart indoor air quality monitoring wireless sensor network for assisted living

Usage of nanoporous polypyrrole on H2O2 bi-functional sensing after immobilizing horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is described in this paper. Nanoporous alumina membranes were used to produce nanopores on polypyrrole surface. Nanopores increased the effective surface area available for enzyme immobilizing. Further, this increased area enhances the electron flow caused by the catalytic reactions. When the sensor was deployed to sense H2O2 at 0.2 V a high sensitivity of 3.9 A M−1 cm−2 was observed at a fast response time of 5 s. When the working potential was reversed to −0.1 V, a wider linear range of 10 nM to 25 μM was achieved. These novel findings will lead the way to a new path of biosensor design for low substrate concentrations with enhanced characteristics.

Bi-functional amperometric biosensor for low concentration hydrogen peroxide measurements using polypyrrole immobilizing matrix

This paper presents an easy to make interface circuit to measure very small percentage capacitance variations in capacitive sensors specially suitable for industrial measurements. A computer controlled 24 bit A/D converter is employed to obtain a higher resolution. This interface circuit can be used with any type of a capacitive sensor. The most interesting thing is that the accuracy of the measurement through this interface circuit is independent from the initial value of capacitance of the sensor. In addition, the double differential operating principle used here results in a minimum error due to coupling and stray capacitance of sensor probes.

D.M.G. Preethichandra

Papers

Polypyrrole nanotube array sensor for enhanced adsorption of glucose oxidase in glucose biosensors.

A simple interface circuit to measure very small capacitance changes in capacitive sensors

Design of a smart indoor air quality monitoring wireless sensor network for assisted living

Bi-functional amperometric biosensor for low concentration hydrogen peroxide measurements using polypyrrole immobilizing matrix

A simple interface circuit to measure very small capacitance changes in capacitive sensors