A ceramic fuel cell in an all solid-state energy conversion device that produces electricity by electrochemically combining fuel and oxidant gases across an ionic conducting oxide. Current ceramic fuel cells use an oxygen-ion conductor or a proton conductor as the electrolyte and operate at high temperatures (>600°C). Ceramic fuel cells, commonly referred to as solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs), are presently under development for a variety of power generation applications. This paper reviews the science and technology of ceramic fuel cells and discusses the critical issues posed by the development of this type of fuel cell. The emphasis is given to the discussion of component materials (especially, ZrO2 electrolyte, nickel/ZrO2 cermet anode, LaMnO3 cathode, and LaCrO3 interconnect), gas reactions at the electrodes, stack designs, and processing techniques used in the fabrication of required ceramic structures.

Ceramic Fuel Cells

II. Structure of Perovskites 1982 A. Crystal Structure 1982 B. Nonstoichiometry in Perovskites 1983 1. Oxygen Nonstoichiometry 1983 2. Cation Nonstoichiometry 1984 C. Physical Properties 1985 D. Adsorption Properties 1986 1. CO and NO Adsorption 1986 2. Oxygen Adsorption 1987 E. Specific Surface and Porosity 1987 F. Thermal Stability in a Reducing Atmosphere 1989 III. Acid−Base and Redox Properties 1990 A. Acidity and Basicity 1990 B. Redox Processes 1991 1. Kinetics and Mechanisms 1992 2. Reduction−Oxidation Cycles 1993 C. Ion Mobility 1993 1. Oxygen Transport 1993 2. Cation Transport 1994 IV. Heterogeneous Catalysis 1995 A. Oxidation Reactions 1995 1. CO Oxidation 1995 2. Oxidation of Hydrocarbons 1996 B. Pollution Abatement 2001 1. NOx Decomposition 2001 2. Exhaust Treatment 2002 3. Stability 2004 C. Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions 2004 1. Hydrogenation of Carbon Oxides 2004 2. Hydrogenation and Hydrogenolysis Reactions 2006

Chemical structures and performance of perovskite oxides.

Recent worldwide interest in building a decentralized, hydrogen-based energy economy has refocused attention on the solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) as a potential source of efficient, environmentally friendly, fuel-versatile electric power. Due to its high operating temperature, the SOFC offers several potential advantages over polymer-based fuel cells, including reversible electrode reactions, low internal resistance, high tolerance to typical catalyst poisons, production of high-quality waste heat for (among other uses) reformation of hydrocarbon fuels, as well as the possibility of burning hydrocarbon fuels directly. Today, SOFCs are much closer to commercial reality than they were 20 years ago, due largely to technological advances in electrode material composition, microstructure control, thin-film ceramic fabrication, and stack and system design. These advances have led to dozens of active SOFC development programs in both stationary and mobile power and contributed to commercialization or development in a number of related technologies, including gas sensors,1 solid-state electrolysis devices,2 and iontransport membranes for gas separation and partial oxidation.3 Many reviews are available which summarize the technological advances made in SOFCs over the last 15-35 yearssreaders who are primarily interested in knowing the state-of-the art in materials, design, and fabrication (including the electrodes) are encouraged to consult these reviews.4-12 This review focuses on the factors governing SOFC cathode performancesadvances we have made over † Dedicated to Brian Steele, 1929-2003. Researcher, Entrepreneur, Consensus Seeker. 4791 Chem. Rev. 2004, 104, 4791−4843

Factors Governing Oxygen Reduction in Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

The generation of energy by clean, efficient and environmental-friendly means is now one of the major challenges for engineers and scientists Fuel cells convert chemical energy of a fuel gas directly into electrical work, and are efficient and environmentally clean, since no combustion is required Moreover, fuel cells have the potential for development to a sufficient size for applications for commercial electricity generation This paper outlines the acute global population growth and the growing need and use of energy and its consequent environmental impacts The existing or emerging fuel cells’ technologies are comprehensively discussed in this paper In particular, attention is given to the design and operation of Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs), noting the restrictions based on materials’ requirements and fuel specifications Moreover, advantages of SOFCs with respect to the other fuel cell technologies are identified This paper also reviews the limitations and the benefits of SOFCs in relationship with energy, environment and sustainable development Few potential applications, as long-term potential actions for sustainable development, and the future of such devices are discussed

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs): a review of an environmentally clean and efficient source of energy

Progress in material selection for solid oxide fuel cell technology: A review

Structure and electrical properties of La1−xSrxCo1−yFeyO3. Part 1. The system La0.8Sr0.2Co1−yFeyO3

Structure and electrical properties of La1 − xSrxCo1 − yFeyO3. Part 2. The system La1 − xSrxCo0.2Fe0.8O3

Oxidation-reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO3 nonstoichiometry and defect structure

Oxidation-reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO3: Defect structure, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric power

A minimum exists in the electrical conductivity of the perovskite-type ceramic ${\mathrm{LaCr}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Mn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ as a function of Mn content near x=0.05. This minimum has been explained in terms of a crossover from multiple trapping to percolation among energetically lower Mn sites. In this paper electrical conductivity and Seebeck measurements are presented on a similar series in which 10 mol % Sr was substituted for La in order to increase the small polaron concentration through the compensation of Sr ions according to the Verway mechanism. The data suggests that there is an apparent suppression of the Verway compensation mechanism in all Mn-doped samples. The hopping crossover observed in the Sr-free series is retained with Sr doping, although the position and depth of the electrical-conductivity minimum are altered. Difficulties in the present understanding and interpretation of the electrical conductivity and Seebeck measurements as a function of Mn and Sr content in these materials are discussed. An electronic structure is suggested, which seems to resolve many of these problems.

https://scholarsmine.mst.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2589&context=matsci_eng_facwork

D.M. Sparlin

Papers

Structure and electrical properties of La1−xSrxCo1−yFeyO3. Part 1. The system La0.8Sr0.2Co1−yFeyO3

Structure and electrical properties of La1 − xSrxCo1 − yFeyO3. Part 2. The system La1 − xSrxCo0.2Fe0.8O3

Oxidation-reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO3 nonstoichiometry and defect structure

Oxidation-reduction behavior of undoped and Sr-doped LaMnO3: Defect structure, electrical conductivity, and thermoelectric power

Transport Anomalies in the High-Temperature Hopping Conductivity and Thermopower of Sr-doped La(Cr,Mn)O, 3