https://staff.blog.ui.ac.id/hsuryadi/files/2012/02/ROS_RNS.pdf

Free radicals and antioxidants in normal physiological functions and human disease

https://cyberleninka.org/article/n/1004681.pdf

Mechanisms of nanotoxicity: generation of reactive oxygen species.

Traditional Medicines derived from medicinal plants are used by about 60% of the world's population. This review focuses on Indian Herbal drugs and plants used in the treatment of diabetes, especially in India. Diabetes is an important human ailment afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. In India it is proving to be a major health problem, especially in the urban areas. Though there are various approaches to reduce the ill effects of diabetes and its secondary complications, herbal formulations are preferred due to lesser side effects and low cost. A list of medicinal plants with proven antidiabetic and related beneficial effects and of herbal drugs used in treatment of diabetes is compiled. These include, Allium sativum, Eugenia jambolana, Momordica charantia Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus amarus, Pterocarpus marsupium, Tinospora cordifolia, Trigonella foenum graecum and Withania somnifera. One of the etiologic factors implicated in the development of diabetes and its complications is the damage induced by free radicals and hence an antidiabetic compound with antioxidant properties would be more beneficial. Therefore information on antioxidant effects of these medicinal plants is also included.

/pdf/indian-herbs-and-herbal-drugs-used-for-the-treatment-of-zggrkc1ndl.pdf

Indian Herbs and Herbal Drugs Used for the Treatment of Diabetes

The role of reactive oxygen and antioxidant species in periodontal tissue destruction.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are recently proposed to be involved in tumor metastasis which is a complicated processes including epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), migration, invasion of the tumor cells and angiogenesis around the tumor lesion. ROS generation may be induced intracellularly, in either NADPH oxidase- or mitochondria-dependent manner, by growth factors and cytokines (such as TGFβ and HGF) and tumor promoters (such as TPA) capable of triggering cell adhesion, EMT and migration. As a signaling messenger, ROS are able to oxidize the critical target molecules such as PKC and protein tyrosine phosphates (PTPs), which are relevant to tumor cell invasion. PKC contain multiple cysteine residues that can be oxidized and activated by ROS. Inactivation of multiple PTPs by ROS may relieve the tyrosine phosphorylation-dependent signaling. Two of the down-stream molecules regulated by ROS are MAPK and PAK. MAPKs cascades were established to be a major signal pathway for driving tumor cell metastasis, which are mediated by PKC, TGF-beta/Smad and integrin-mediated signaling. PAK is an effector of Rac-mediated cytoskeletal remodeling that is responsible for cell migration and angiogenesis. There are several transcriptional factors such as AP1, Ets, Smad and Snail regulating a lot of genes relevant to metastasis. AP-1 and Smad can be activated by PKC activator and TGF-beta1, respectively, in a ROS dependent manner. On the other hand, Est-1 can be upregulated by H2O2 via an antioxidant response element in the promoter. The ROS-regulated genes relevant to EMT and metastasis include E-cahedrin, integrin and MMP. Comprehensive understanding of the ROS-triggered signaling transduction, transcriptional activation and regulation of gene expressions will help strengthen the critical role of ROS in tumor progression and devising strategy for chemo-therapeutic interventions.

The signaling mechanism of ROS in tumor progression

The morbidity and mortality associated with diabetes is the result of the myriad complications related to the disease One of the most explored hypotheses to explain the onset of complications is a hyperglycemia-induced increase in oxidative stress Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced by oxidative phosphorylation, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH), xanthine oxidase, the uncoupling of lipoxygenases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, and glucose autoxidation Once formed, ROS deplete antioxidant defenses, rendering the affected cells and tissues more susceptible to oxidative damage Lipid, DNA, and protein are the cellular targets for oxidation, leading to changes in cellular structure and function Recent evidence suggests ROS are also important as second messengers in the regulation of intracellular signaling pathways and, ultimately, gene expression This review explores the production of ROS and the propagation and consequences of oxidative stress in diabetes

Dana M. Niedowicz

Papers

The role of oxidative stress in diabetic complications.